Cadmium alloys

Goldbeater Gold-beryUium Gold bronzes Gold-cadmium alloys Gold-calcium alloy... 

INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY - INFRARED TECHNOLOGY (Vol 14) Mercury-cadmium alloys... 

CARBON - CARBONAND ARTIFICIALGRAPHITE - BAKED AND GRAPHITIZED CARBON] (Vol 4) [CADMIUM AND CADMIUM ALLOYS] (Vol 4)... 

Silver bromoiodide Silver bronze alloys Silver-cadmium alloys Silver-cadmium cell Silver cell Silver chloride... 

The State of New Jersey has passed a law restricting the sale and disposal of batteries (qv) containing mercury, requiring manufacturers to reduce the mercury content of each battery to 1 ppm by weight by 1995, and to estabhsh a collection program for spent batteries (14). Another New Jersey law bans the sale of products having cadmium, mercury, or other toxic materials in the packaging (14) (see Cadmiumand cadmium alloys Cadmium compounds Mercury compounds). 

Almost all the methods described for the nickel electrode have been used to fabricate cadmium electrodes. However, because cadmium, cadmium oxide [1306-19-0], CdO, and cadmium hydroxide [21041-95-2], Cd(OH)2, are more electrically conductive than the nickel hydroxides, it is possible to make simple pressed cadmium electrodes using less substrate (see Cadmium and cadmium alloys Cadmium compounds). These are commonly used in button cells. 

Naturally occurring cadmium compounds are limited to the rare minerals, greenockite [1317-58 ] CdS, and otavite (1), an oxycarbonate, but neither is an economically important source of cadmium metal or its compounds. Instead, cadmium compounds are more usually derived from metallic cadmium [7440-43-9] which is produced as a by-product of lead—2inc smelting or electrolysis (see Cadmiumand cadmium alloys). Typically, this cadmium metal is burnt as a vapor, to produce the brown-black cadmium oxide [1306-19-0], CdO, which then acts as a convenient starting material for most of the economically important compounds. 

Cadmium. In 1989, U.S. consumption of cadmium for coatings was 1474 t (7), compared to 1552 t in 1970, 2089 t in 1979, and 1230 t in 1985. Cadmium plating amounts to about 15% of total cadmium production (see Cadmiumand cadmium alloys). Of the cadmium being plated in 1989, 30% was for automotive parts, over 22% for electronics, and 18% for industrial fasteners. Because of cadmium s high and weU-pubHcized toxicity and very tight waste restrictions, there are considerable efforts to develop alternative materials, and the quantities of cadmium used in electroplating ate expected to decrease. The price of cadmium anodes in early 1993 was about l/kg. 

These have been developed for special uses. For example, since petroleum-based materials harm natural rubber, a grease based on castor oil and lead stearate is available for use on the steel parts of rubber bushes, engine mountings, hydraulic equipment components, etc. (but not on copper or cadmium alloys). Some soft-film solvent-deposited materials have water-displacing properties and are designed for use on surfaces which cannot be dried properly, e.g. water-spaces of internal combustion engines and the cylinders or valve chests of steam engines. 

Bifunctional monomeric unit, 149 Bifunctional polymer, 178 Binding mechanism, 3 Bismuth-cadmium alloy (Bi5Cd5), calculation of thermodynamic quantities, 136... 

Magnesium cadmium, alloy (MgCd3), 128 alloy (Mg3Cd), 129 Magnetic entropy, 132 disordering, 131... 

Silver-cadmium alloy (ccAg8Cd4), calculation of thermodynamic quantities, 136... 

Copper ) bromide, molecular formula and uses, 7 1111 Copper cable, 17 848 Copper-cadmium alloys, 4 502 Copper(II) carbonate, molecular formula and uses of basic, 7 1111 Copper(II) carbonate hydroxide, 7 768-769 Copper(II) carboxylates, in VDC polymer stabilization, 25 720... 

Tin-cadmium alloys, 4 502 Tin-cadmium coatings, 24 795 Tincal (natural borax), 4 133t Tincalconite (mohavite), 4 133t Tin-carbon bonds, 24 812-813 Tin chlorides, physical properties of,... 

The U S. EPA is funding research at Ionedge Corporation, Fort Collins, Colorado, to develop a process for zinc-graphite and zinc-cadmium alloy dry plating as environmentally safer alternatives to cadmium electroplating in cyanide baths. Successful development of these technique could lead to a method which would potentially eliminate the environmental and occupational hazards associated with cadmium electroplating. 

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