Automobile radio

Among the many applications of ECPs, perhaps the most successful has been the commercialization of OLEDs in automobile radios, electric shavers, cell phones, and cameras displays (in limited venues) [73]. In the case of OTFTs, those produced from ECPs show certain advantages their softness is beneficial to their low-temperature processability and fine-tuning of their structure-property relationships, and they are inexpensive to produce. However, their morphology and microcrystallinity, and hence other important physico-chemical characteristics, may be difficult to control, as might also be their reproducibility of performance. Clearly, the many ongoing investigations with ECPs will contribute much to the future success of these materials. 

If a portable AM/FM radio receiver is available, place it about three feet from the inductor and battery. (If a small radio is not available, the inductor and battery can be taken outside, near an automobile radio.) Turn on the radio, set it for AM, and tune the frequency dial to a number where there are no nearby radio stations, so only a very low level of background noise is audible. Turn the volume up somewhat. Disconnect the neon tester, and then make repeated sparks with just the inductor and battery, as shown in Fig. 1.2, but using the primary coil (heavily insulated black wires). Loud clicks will be heard from the radio loudspeaker, each time a spark is made. The high voltage pulse generates a radio wave, which travels through the air to the radio antenna. (Further analysis of these various aspects of radio theory will be explained in later chapters.)... 

Polystyrene is used in furniture, packaging, appliances, automobiles, construction, radios, televisions, toys, houseware items, and luggage. Statistics on the states producing the largest number of plastic products are given in Table 2E4. This indicates that we can expect to have many customers and that most of these will be small companies. The main means for shipping will therefore be by truck and train, and many of these shipments will be small quantities. It therefore would be wise to locate as near as possible to customers. (The styrene can be obtained in large bulk shipments and over 95% is converted into a salable polystyrene.) Note that the... 

Automobiles light trucks (not commercial yet) Entertainment (TV, radio) efficiency when parked... 

Conceptualizations, once arrived at, interact to produce new conceptualizations, new technology, from which, once more, new concepts and new needs may emerge. Television, for instance, derives as a concept from motion pictures and radio and, even though it was introduced only a comparatively short time ago, has rapidly become a central part of homes at all levels of society in our culture. Watching television has tended to produce a more uniform culture through greater exposure to common stimuli, has reduced the amount of time available for free interaction by members of any particular household, and has resulted in the creation of such implements as "TV trays" and "TV dinners" to accommodate the need for more time around the television set. Automobiles have made possible the movement to the suburbs, the virtual end of public transportation in many parts of our country, and a resultant increased dependency on private means of transportation. In its turn, this has produced a more mobile population, a proliferation of roads, a tendency to think of distance in terms of units of time, the destruction of the countryside, and an increased need to deal with air pollution. 

Batteries are everywhere in modern societies. They provide the electric current to start our automobiles and to power a host of products such as pocket calculators, digital watches, heart pacemakers, radios, and tape recorders. A battery is an electrochemical cell, a device for interconverting chemical and electrical energy. A battery takes the energy released by a spontaneous chemical reaction and uses it to produce electricity. 

A typical countermeasure used by sleepy drivers is to turn on the air conditioner or open a window. Two aspects of this stimulus can be considered in analyzing it as a countermeasure. The first is the cold temperature of the stimulus, or in the least a change in temperature. There has been very little study of the effectiveness of cold temperature as a countermeasure. The simulated automobile drive study cited above also included a cold-air condition produced by the automobile air conditioner (22). As with the radio, cold air had a minimal and transitory alerting effect. The fact that temperature change may be the critical factor is seen in a study that showed heat (92°F) improved performance from basal levels during sleep deprivation, although the impact was very time-limited (24). 

Tin—lead coatings (10—60 wt % tin) can be applied by hot-dipping or electrode position to steel and copper fabricated articles and sheet. A special product is teme plate used for roofing and flashings, automobile fuel tanks and fittings, air filters, mufflers, and general uses such as covers, lids, drawers, cabinets, consoles for instruments, and for radio and television equipment. Teme plate is low carbon steel, coated by a hot-dip process with an alloy of tin and lead, commonly about 7—25 wt % tin, remainder lead. Electroplating is another possibility. 

Our technologically advanced way of life would not be possible without the semiconductor industry. The first semiconductor device known as a transistor was discovered at Bell Labs in the late 1940s, and was widely used shortly thereafter for radio electronics. Today, transistors are still pervasive in every microelectronic component such as CD/DVD players, cellular phones, modes of transportation (e.g., planes, automobiles, etc.), and computers. In fact, the dual-core chips released by Intel in early 2006 feature over 1.7 billion transistors - all on a surface that is smaller than a postage stamp ... 

Nicad batteries are used in a large variety of appliances, including compact disc players, cell phones, pocket recorders, handheld power tools, cordless telephones, laptop computers, camcorders, and scanner radios. A few automobile manufacturers have explored the possibility of using nicad batteries in electric cars. For example, the Mitsubishi Corporation of Japan built and marketed an experimental car called the Libro EV that operated on either traditional lead batteries or on nicad batteries. 

Through copolymerization there can be made materials with different properties than those of either homopolymer, and thus another dimension is added to the technology. Consider, for example, styrene. Polymerized alone, it gives a good electric insulator that is molded into parts for radios, television sets, and automobiles. Copolymerization with butadiene (30%) adds toughness with acrylonitrile (20-30%) increases resistance to impact and to hydrocarbons with maleic anhydride yields a material that, on hydrolysis, is water-soluble, and is used as a dispersant and sizing agent. The copolymer in which butadiene predominates (75% butadiene, 25% styrene) is an elastomer, and since World War II has been the principal rubber substitute manufactured in the United States. 

Although enormous quantities of man-made fibers and elastomers are produced each year, the major consumption of synthetic polymers is as plastics, materials used in the form of sheets, pipes, films, and, most important of all, molded objects toys and bottles knobs, handles, and switches dishes, fountain pens, toothbrushes valves, gears, bearings cases for radios and television sets boats, automobile bodies, and even houses. 

Since mold pressures in RIM processes are usually below 100 psi (0.69 MPa), mold-clamp-pressure requirements can accordingly be low. Most RIM equipment is in the 25-100 ton range. Depending upon production quantity and quality requirements, molds for RIM may be made from aluminum-filled epoxy for low production, or from cast or machined aluminum or chrome-plated steel for longer runs. Molds must be heated to 120-160°F (49-71°C). Applications include automobile bumpers, radio and TV cabinets, furniture and business-machine housings (5). 

The next generation electrical contact materials based on bismuth-silver compositions are suitable for automobile sectors, since they do not weld or arc under heavy loads. The unique conduction properties of bismuth have led to the production of plastics with a built-in shielding protection against electromagnetic or radio-frequency interferences and electrostatic discharge which create serious disturbance to the electronic equipment around us. 

---