Auto-immune response

Commercially available dtugs used for therapeutic therapy comprise up to date mainly injectable monoclonal antibodies like Infliximab (Remicade ) and Adalimumab (Humira ) or TNF-receptor derivatives like Etanercept (Enbrel ) (Fig. 3). One possible way of action of these reagents is the neutralization of TNF, thereby blocking its inflammatory effects and dampening (auto)immune responses [3, 4]. 

Jaeckle K, Graus F, Houghton A, Cardon-Cardo C (1985) Auto-immune response of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration to a Purkinje cell cytoplasmic protein antigen. Ann. Neurol, 18, 592-600. 

Sorini C, Falcone M. Shaping the (auto)immune response in the gut the role of intestinal immune regulation in the prevention of type 1 diabetes. Am J Clin Exp Immunol. 2013 2 156-171. 

Testes from the males examined 43 days after the 8-D treatment appeared normal. However, the epididymis was involved in an inflammatory process with sperm granulomas formation. The granulomatous epididymal lesion resembled the lesion seen in auto-immune reaction following bacterial infections or tissue response to foreign bodies (16, 17,... 

Idiotypic network. Idiotypic determinants (idiotypes) are unique antigenic epitopes characteristic of the antigen receptors on the surface of T and B cells. They are associated with the variable regions of these receptors. Antibodies produced by B cells as the result of antigenic stimulation can themselves stimulate the production of auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies which have the ability to combine with the B-cell receptor (Ig) and thus can dampen down the immune response. Idiotypes may likewise stimulate the production of T cells specific for idiotypic determinants. Jerne (1974) postulated his... 

There is surprisingly little information on the immune response to gut-lumen-dwelling adult stages of taenids and echinococcid cestodes (Moreno et al., 2004). Knowledge of the immune response to hymenolepidids has been mostly obtained from H. diminuta or H. nana infection of rodents. The former model is particularly useful because H. diminuta is not auto-infective and responses can be compared in the non-permissive murine and permissive rat hosts. 

The current concept of autoimmune diabetes is that pancreas islet P cells are destroyed by an autoimmune response mediated by T lymphocytes that react specifically to one or more P cell proteins (Bach, 1994). Figure 25.1 shows the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. This concept gave rise to the idea that auto-immune diabetes can be prevented by the manipulation of autoreactive T cells or... 

Descotes J, Vial T. Immune response in human pathology hypersensitivity and auto-immunity. In Nijkamp FP, Parnham M, eds. Textbook of Immunopharmacol-ogy, 2nd ed. Basel Birkhauser Verlag, 2005 117-29. 

Assess host immune response (inflammatory response in target/nontarget tissue, auto-antibodies, sensitized cells against normal tissues/organs). 

The authors suspected that a virus-induced immune response caused an auto-aggressive reaction responsible for demyehnation. 

Attention has been given to mercury as a cause of autoimmune responses, especially in the kidney (69). Exposure to mercury can cause immune responses to various auto-antigens and autoimmune disease of the kidney and other tissues. Although epidemiological studies have shown that occupational exposure to mercury does not usually result in autoimmunity, mercury can cause the formation of antinuclear antibodies,... 

The main target for the modern immunosuppressants such as cyclosporin and tacrolimus is inhibition of cytokine gene transcription in a highly selective manner in the helper T-lymphocyte populations. The consequence of this is to inhibit helper T-cell auto-activation and helper T-cell co-activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and of B lymphocytes, and thus considerably damp down cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to the graft. 

Another phase of the search for non-behavioral differences between schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics is concerned with protein fractions. HeathS has reviewed his proposal that a protein fraction obtained from schizophrenics and called taraxein may be an antibody to brain tissue and schizophrenia may thus be an auto-immune disease. There is an antibody in human plasma that causes stimulation of chicken erythrocyte glycolysis. Ryan, et al.,32 vere unable to verify a reported quantitative difference between schizophrenic and normal serum in producing this effect. The level of Si9 macroglobulins also proved to be uncorrelated with schizophrenia.33 Conditioned responses in rats were unaffected by injection of schizophrenic serum.3 ... 

In conclusion, although hexachlorobenzene induces an auto-immune-like disorder in humans and rats, neoantigen formation and direct elicitation of autoreactive T cells are probably not involved. Rather, hexachlorobenzene, by activation of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, exacerbates autoimmunity above a level at which autoimmune phenomena and systemic inflammatory responses become apparent. This cascade of reactions is depicted in Figure 2 and illustrates the complexity of the etiology of immune derangements induced by hexachlorobenzene. 

The Brown Norway rat has also been used to study the adverse immune response to D-penicillamine, with effects similar to those seen in some patients (Tournade et al., 1990). Recently, a series of studies have further explored D-penicillamine-induced autoimmunity in the Brown Norway rat, in particular with respect to immunoregulation (Masson Uetrecht, 2004). Interestingly, only 60-80% of all treated Brown Norway rats develop the autoimmune disease in addition, low-dose pretreatment with D-penicillamine has been shown to tolerize the animals to subsequent normally auto-immunogenic doses (Donker et al., 1984 Masson Uetrecht, 2004). It appeared that the observed tolerance is mediated by immune cells, including T and non-T cells. This again illustrates that idiosyncracy also occurs in animals and moreover that these diseases are subject to regulatory mechanisms. 

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