Assessment of damages

Once liability is established the question for consideration is the amount of damages or compensation to be awarded. The object is to put the injured party as far as possible in the same position as before. 

In an action for breach of contract or for debt, this amoxmt will already have been defined in the dealing between the parties and is known legally as a specified claim. However, in an action for damages in respect of tort. 

These damages will comprise special damage and general damages. 

Where there is partial or complete incapacity for work continuing after the trial general damages also include a capital sum awarded for future loss of wages. A sum will, where appropriate, be awarded too for loss of opportunity on the labour market as in the case of Smith v. Manchester Corporation. This is intended to compensate for a permanent disability which a prospective employer may take into account in deciding whether to offer employment, compared with a candidate of equal competence who has no such disability. 

Awards of damages generally are once and for all. However, there is an exception. 

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Shuaib A, Xu K, Crain B, Siren AL, Eeuerstein G, et al. 1990. Assessment of damage from implantation of microdialysis probes in the rat hippocampus with silver degeneration staining. Neurosci Lett 112(2—3) 149-154. 

Quantitative assessments of damage to cooling systems as a result of biocorrosion remain difficult, posing a bigger problem than generally recognized, and deserve more attention from both operators and water treaters. 

Boccaccini, A.R., Janczak-Rusch, J., Pearce, D.H., Kern, H. (1999), Assessment of damage induced by thermal shock in SiC-fiber-reinforced borosilicate glass composites , Comp. Sci. Tech., 59, 105-112. 

Fink, A., Kessler, H.G. 1983. Determination of free fat in cream for the assessment of damage caused to fat globules by processing. Milchwissenschaft. 38, 330-334. 

Assessment of Damage of Cellulose Duriug Pre-treatment Processes... 

Wool fibre during its various pre-treatment stages also undergoes some kind of damage, the extent of which may be assessed by both physical and chemical methods. The very multiplicity of tests available is in itself evidence of the lack of a universal method for assessment of damage [19],... 

Chung S. W., Bae J. O., Koh K. S., et al, 1992. Effects on the stracture on productivity of Pinus rigida stands and the responses of Pinus densiflora seedlings to simulated acid rain. In A study on the assessment of damage by air pollutants and acid rain (II), Report of National Institute of Environmental Research Repubhc of Korea, 137-209. 

Demuts E, Whitehead RS, Deo RB. Assessment of damage tolerance in composite. Compos Struct 1985 4(1) 45—58. 

Meilinger 2013, p. 17 (for a description of the softwme targeting program cedled Bugsplat ). See also Boothby 2012, p. 478 [for an outline of the operation of a computerized assessment of damage taken from Roblyer 2003, p. 18]. 

A part of infiastructure, such as footing, pile and pier, is called a substructure, which mechanically supports structural members of the superstructure. When we investigate the damage of a structure, the superstructure is readily inspected because visual inspection is normally available. In contrast, the assessment of damages in the substructure is often not an easy task. For example, pile-foundations installed underground deeply into bearing strata can not be inspected visually. In this respect, AE measurement is expected to become a powerful technique for damage evaluation of the substructures. 

Lack of pathological root evidence, however, makes assessment of damage difficult, although some claim Bavarian root damage bears little resemblance to alTominium root damage. 

Debris Removal The initial global assessment of damage may help define the need to implement contracts for... 

Civil actions for damages in cases of injury negligence assessment of damages defences. No fault liability systems advantages and disadvantages. 

Fahmy, M.F.M., Wu, Z.S., and Wu, G. (2009). Seismic performance assessment of damage-controlled FRP-retrofitted RC bridge columns using residual deformations . Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, 13(6) 498-513. 

The vocabulary of opportunities and threats is more common beyond the specific literature on risk. It is a famihar term in the field of bodily injury and liability, however. It can be traced back to the Dutch Civil Code, which contains the following passage The Court may wholly or partly postpone the assessment of damage which has not yet occurred or, after an evaluation of the opportunities and threats, make an anticipatory assessment (itahcs added). °... 

Research results and operating experience reported by experts allow recommendations to be made for the selection of materials and to provide assistance in the assessment of damage. 

Exley AR, Bacon PA, Luqmani RA, et al. Development and initial validation of the Vasculitis Damage Index for the standardized ctinical assessment of damage in the systemic vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 1997 40(2) 371-380. 

The assessment of damaged ship performance using the CFD based method is the best way to obtain the damaged ship performance characteristics in time domain at the design stage. As an alternative the damaged ship performance may be performed using the model tests. 

Wu YM, Kanamrai H (2005b) Rapid assessment of damaging potential of earthquakes in Taiwan from... 

Finally, a critical issue in the risk management and reduction of impact after a seismic event is to assess the functionality of mainshock damaged infrastructures (e.g., major bridges, hospitals) considering the aftershock hazard (Fig. 2e). This is a challenging issue due to limited time availability (days months), the lack of adequate models for the fragility assessment of damaged structures, and the inherent uncertainties in aftershock hazard assessment. 

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