Wool fibres

Heat resistant glasses (e.g. Pyrex), glass wool, fibre glass 26% (60%)... 

Mica Mineral wool fibre 3 (respirable dust) 10 " ... 

Continuous filament glass fibres Respirable Inhalable Glass wool fibres Rock wool fibres Stag wool fibres Special purpose glass fibres Talc (containing no asbestos fibres)... 

HPLC-UV is a popular technique to analyse textile dyes extracted from polyester fibres [697], acidic dyes from wool fibres [698] and basic dyes from acrylic fibres [699]. HPLC provides better sensitivity and resolution than TLC [697-699]. GE-RPLC has been used for the determination of 18 disperse dyes (e.g. Navy D-2G-133, Orange CB, Yellow D-3R and Red D-2G) extracted from polyester [700]. Compared with the traditional TLC method, HPLC offers lower detection limits, better observation of contaminant peaks, and reproducible quantitative results. HPLC has also been used to determine azo dyes [701,702]. 

Mordant dyes generally have the characteristics of acid dyes but with the ability in addition to form a stable complex with chromium. Most commonly, this takes the form of two hydroxy groups on either side of (ortho to) the azo group of a monoazo dye, as illustrated for the case of C. I. Mordant Black 1 (151). The dye is generally applied to the fibre as an acid dye and then treated with a source of chromium, commonly sodium or potassium dichromate. As a result of the process, the chromium(vi) is reduced by functional groups on the wool fibre, for example the cysteine thiol groups, and a chromium(m) complex of the dye is formed within the... 

Enzymes can be used to modify the surface of wool fibres in order to improve lustre, softness, smoothness or warmth of the fabric. Since such processes involve attack on the cuticular scales of the fibre, there is clearly a resemblance to shrink-resist treatments and similar methods are used [116] ... 

Apart from the impurities present in raw wools, typical formulations [146] for lubricating wool fibres are ... 

Aqueous scouring is expensive in terms of water use and effluent treatment and it can cause entanglement of delicate wool fibres. Solvent scouring offers an effective alternative but it is essential that the solvent does not enter the environment. Earlier solvent-based processes included the use of perchloroethylene in which 8-18% water had been emulsified with a surfactant. Current processes are based on hexane (de Smet process), 1,1,1-... 

Corona discharge, bombardment of the wool fibre surface with electrons of sufficient energy to break covalent bonds, has also been applied to the improvement of shrink... 

Should have no adverse effects on frictional characteristics of wool fibres or yarns. 

No shrink-resist polymer developed so far meets all the above requirements [301]. There is clearly some similarity with easy-care finishing of cotton. Although effective crosslinking agents are readily available for application to cotton, the morphological complexity of the wool fibre is such that an equally effective polymer has yet to be identified for wool treatment [304]. 

J A MacEaren and B Milligan, Wool science - the chemical reactivity of wool fibre (Marrickville, NSW Science Press,... 

Silk and wool fibres of Coptic textiles from fourth to twelfth century Carminic acid, laccaic acids A, B, C and E, xantholaccaic acid A, purpurin, xanthopurpurin, alizarin, monochloroalizarin, dichloroalizarin, ellagic acid, luteolin, apigenin, rhamnetin, indirubin HCI/EtOH, pyridine A ACN B H20 with TFA 278, 350 nm/ESI (+)... 

More recently, attention has turned to the aftertreatment of commercially available mordant dyes on wool with iron(II) and iron(III) salts as a potential source reduction approach to eliminating chromium ions from dyebath effluent [34]- The anticipated improvements in fastness performance were achieved. The structures of the conventional 1 2 iron-dye complexes formed on the wool fibres were characterised by negative-ion fast-atom bombardment spectroscopy and HPLC analysis [35]. 

Dichromate anions are readily absorbed under acidic conditions by wool that has been dyed with chrome dyes. The chromium(VI) on the fibre is then gradually reduced by the cystine residues in wool keratin to chromium(III) cations, which react with the dye ligands to form a stable complex. In this way the cystine disulphide bonds are destroyed, resulting in oxidative degradation of the wool fibres [71]. 

The chromium (III) cations then combine with the carboxylate groups in the wool fibre (Scheme 5.20). 

These are the polycondensation products of dlcarboxylic acids and diols. Dacron or terylene Is the best known example of polyesters. It is manufactured by heating a mixture of ethylene glycol and terephthallc acid at 420 to 460 K In the presence of zinc acetate-antimony trioxlde catalyst as per the reaction given earlier. Dacron fibre (terylene) is crease resistant and is used In blending with cotton and wool fibres and also as glass reinforcing materials in safety helmets, etc. 

Environment and health-related problems In prodnction and processing (packaging, installation of basalt rock wools) fibre dnst is released. This dnst may canse skin and respiratory diseases. Basalt rock wools are biopersistent mineral wools and, as snch, have a certain carcinogenic potential. Conversely, textile continnons glass fibres are not considered to be carcinogenic dne to their stmctnre (fibre diameter = 24 pm) and biosolnble mineral wools dne to their solnbility in the Inng. 

Metal Complexation. Azo dyes containing hydroxy or carboxylic acid gronp substituents adjacent to the azo gronp react with transition metal ions, e.g. chromium, cobalt and copper to produce complexes, e.g. Cl Acid Violet 78 (2.15)7 These metal complex dyes are more stable to light than their unmetallised precursors and have been widely nsed as dyes for polyamide and wool fibres. However, there is now a move away from chrominm complexes due to toxicity concerns (see section 2.3.2.). 

From non-aqueous solvents hydrogen bond adsorption of most proton donors occurs on inorganic oxides but on nylon and wool fibres only hydroxylic compounds are strongly adsorbed, either from non-aqueous solvents or in the vapouy phase. 

Non hydroxyIic polar compounds with small molecules are not adsorbed by nylon or wool fibres from many non-aqueous solvents [7] (or from the vapour phase—see below). Presumably in these cases neither solvent nor solute has strong enough affinity to break interchain bonds ill the fibres. 

In fact, microscopic examination of a woollen fabric, especially if carded, often reveals the presence of a considerable proportion of fibres whioh do not show the finely toothed outline and the sharply cut ends of natural wool fibres but have evidently undergone profound change (Fig. 86, Plate IX). These fibres may be free from scales either entirely or for more or less of their length, or the scales may be so worn as to be visible only with difficulty. Further, owing to the loss of the outer scales and consequent wearing of the lower fibrous layer, such fibres, which are sometimes very short (scarcely 1-2 mm.) and of irregular diameter, exhibit ends split like a brush. 

Other useful indications of the presence of shoddy are, firstly, small numbers of cotton fibres and, secondly, wool fibres which show various colours not related to the general colour of the fabric. 

Macdiarmid, J. A. and Burrell, D. H. (1992). Degradation of the wool fibre by bacteria isolated from fleece rot. Wool Tech. Sheep Breeding40,123-126. 

Maclaren, J. A. and Milligan, B. (1981). Wool Science The Chemical Reactivity of the Wool Fibre. Marrickville, Australia Science Press. 

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