Artificial wool

Kimst-werk, n. work of art. -wolle, /. artificial wool, specif, wool reclaimed from old fabrics, shoddy, -wort, n. technical word, technical term. 

Zell-verschmel2ung, /. cell fusion, -wand, /. cell wall. -woUe, /. staple fiber, staple rayon artificial wool. 

Acrylic fibers are vinyl polymers valued for resistance to chemical and biological degradation. Acrylonitrile (or vinyl cyanide) forms a homopolymer that is used in filters and artificial wool, which is widely used in sweaters. 

My early research works in the period from 1937 to 1940 were commenced with the measurements of physical properties of textile such as breaking strength and elongation of artificial wool-like fibers which were made from soybean proteins. 

The structures of some natural protein-based materials, such as silk and wool, result in strong, tough fibers. Spiders and silkworms use proteins as a structural material of remarkable strength (Fig. 19.22). Chemists are duplicating nature by making artificial spider silk (Fig. 19.23), which is one of the strongest fibers known. 

The first fibers used by humans were probably those that occur naturally as tissues or excretions of either vegetables or animals (see Table 87). At much later times, after metals had been discovered, humans also learned to manufacture - from some of the ductile metals, mainly gold, silver, and their alloys - thin filaments (not fibers, however), which have since been used to decorate textile fabrics. It was only during the twentieth century, after synthetic plastics were discovered, that it became possible to make artificial human made fibers. The great majority of the natural fibers, such as cotton and wool, occur as staple fibers, short fibers whose length is measured in centimeters. Silk is different from all other natural fibers in that it occurs as extremely long and continuous filaments several hundred meters long. 

Carr et al. [2004] studied the incidence of different cleaning procedures on wool. ToF-SIMS analyses performed on the commercially scoured wool (negative ion mode) showed the presence of 18-methyleicosanoic acid thioester species (m/z 341), attributed to the presence of 18-methyleicosanoic acid (18-MEA) which is normally the predominant compound of the surface layer of wool. Other lipids are also detected. After artificial sunlight exposure, analyses show that 18-MEA disappears from the surface. 

A similar study has been performed on silk [Howell et al. 2007]. The ToF-SIMS fingerprint of silk exhibits the presence of different amino acid fragments (positive ion mode). In contrast to wool, the effect of artificial ageing is not obvious and no modification appears in the ToF-SIMS spectra. Nevertheless, the study of the cleaning procedures leads to the same conclusion as that in the case of wool. The amount of remaining surfactant increases with artificial ageing. 

Natural fibers go back to prehistoric days. Probably one of the early applications was the conversion of a fiber (possibly wool or cellulose) into thread or rope strong enough to be used in a snare, net, or cage. Literature as far back as the 17th century notes that people attempted to make fibers out of something other than cotton, wool, or flax. The first man-made fiber, known as artificial silk, was made in the 19 th century, when wood pulp was treated with nitric acid. The result was known chemically as cellulose nitrate and (eventually) commercially as Rayon. The commercial name referred to the sheen that has the brilliance of the sun. ... 

Throughout human history a limited number of fibers provided the fabric used for clothing and other materials—wool, leather, cotton, flax, and silk. As early as 1664, Robert Hooke speculated that production of artificial silk was possible, but it took another two hundred years before synthetic fibers were produced. The production of synthetic fibers took place in two stages. The first stage, started in the last decades of the nineteenth century, involved chemical formulations employing cellulose as a raw material. Because the cellulose used in these fibers came from cotton or wood, the fibers... 

Fiber or Fibre is any tough substance composed of threadlike tissue, especially when capable of being spun or woven. Fibers may be divided into animal (wool or silk), vegetable (cotton, hemp, flax, ramie, esparto, jute, sisal etc), mineral (asbestos, glass fiber) and artificial (Rayon, Nylon, Orion, Vinyon, Saran etc)... 

Although fibers can be classified in numerous ways, in terms of present-day technology, they are fundamentally classified as(l) natural libers, and (2) synthetic libers. The principal natural fibers are cotton, wool. and. to a much lesser extent, silk. liax. and mohair. Synthetic tihers have made inroads into the use of all natural fibers, bul the greatest impact has occurred in connection with the latter three libers. Cotton continues to be a major textile fiber, measured in terms of billions of pounds used per year. Colton is one of the most versalile of all libers and blends well with synthetics. This is also true of wool, bul lo a somewhat lesser extent. Synthetic Fibers. Introduced in 1910 as a substitute for silk, rayon was the first artificial or synthetic fiber. Rayon, of course, differs completely in chemical constitution from silk. Rayon typifies most reconstituted or synthetic fibers, which perform almost as well and. in a number of respects, far better than their natural counterparts Some of the more recently developed synthetic libers have lilile if any resemblance to naturally available fibers and thus enlirely new types of end-producls with previously unobtainable end-qualities are available,... 

The wool is next washed repeatedly with cold distilled water to eliminate the acid liquid and subsequently boiled gently for about 10 minutes with about 50 c.c. of water and 10 drops of ammonia solution (D 0 910) to dissolve any artificial colouring matter fixed by the wool. 

If the wool thus obtained, after thorough washing with cold water, is coloured distinctly red, the conclusion may be drawn that the wine was coloured artificially with an organic dye of acid character, i.e., with a sui-phonated azo- or fuchsine derivative (vinolin, Bordeaux red, etc.)... 

To ascertain if the cognac is coloured with artificial organic colouring matters, the alcohol is evaporated off, ammonia solution added and the liquid extracted with amyl alcohol evaporation of the amyl alcohol gives the colouring matters, which may be detected by their characteristic reactions and by dyeing tests with wool in acid or alkaline solution (see also Wine, and Colouring Matters). 

If the wool is intensely coloured, tin presence of artificial organic dye or of indigo carmine is probable. In this case the operation is nqn-.ited in an add or alkaline bath according to which gives the more intensely coloured wool the colouring matter is then extracted from the w(x> and identified by the methods describ d for artificial organic dyes (.see Chapter XV). 

Lastly, artificial organic dyes are tested for by heating with alcohol (in presence of acid or alkali). If such colours are present, they may be identified, after fixation on wool, by the reactions given later, in tlic chapter dealing with textile fibres. 

Of the numerous textile fibres known, relatively few are of commercial importance, the principal ones being cotton, flax, hemp, ramie, jute, wool, silk and artificial silk. These fibres are used to make the different kinds of yarn from which fabrics of various types are woven. 

Mixed fabric of wool and artificial silk with a cellulose basis. 

A. Mixed fabric containing cotton, wool, natural silk and artificial cellulose, nitrocellulose or viscose silk. 

Until the 20th century mankind was limited to natural fibers such as wool, cotton, linen, and for the rich, silk. The first man-made fiber was artificial silk rayon (1910), which was based on cellulose. The big jump came with the invention of nylon by Wallace Carothers, with commercial production starting in 1939, followed in the 1950s by acrylics (which, when mixed with cotton, produced the wash-and wear textiles), polyesters, and many others. 

Owing to its oxidizing properties perborate is chiefly used for washing and bleaching wool, artificial silk, velvet, plush, felt, horn, bones, oils, fats, waxes etc. 

Composite objects like this Hopi Kachina may contain many different materials. This doll is made of cottonwood root, decorated with paint, fabric, feathers, metal, plastic, and hair. Pahlik-mana (butterfly maiden) kachina c. 1980. Cottonwood root, acrylic paint, wool garments, feathers, yarn, plastic (artificial plant in right hand), metal (sequins, necklace), artificial pearl, down feathers. 

Tjrom the successful attempts in the second half of the 19th century to produce artificial fibers (I), a huge man-made fiber industry has been created. It only requires a cursory visit to a department store to appreciate the large amount of man-made fibers used currently in apparel and in home furnishings. This is also borne out by the available statistics (Table I). The data presented in this table (2) indicate that for consumer end uses the trend in the United States is for cotton and wool to be replaced by man-made fibers. By 1974 appreciably more noncellulosic man-made fibers and textile glass fibers were being used than cotton. 

Although the importance of environmental factors (temperature, rela-- -tive humidity, airborne contaminants, and oxygen) that affect the fading of dyed textiles exposed to artificial and natural light indoors is well documented (1,2), relatively little information exists on the effectiveness of UV stabilizers incorporated into plastic films to minimize or retard such fading. To obtain this information, light-sensitive blue wool fabric (AATCC L-4 standard) was exposed to light from a xenon-arc source, with and without protection by clear cellulose acetate films... 

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