Teeth Artificial

The first ever injectable crude biomaterial, that is a dental implant, appeared early in ad 6oo (Fig. 12.1). During those times, Mayan people trimmed seashells into artificial teeth to replace missing teeth (Michael, 2006 Ratner et al., 2004). Early biomaterials also led to problems, including sterilization, toxicity, inflammation, and immunological issues. Since the Mayan s initial use of artificial teeth, biomaterials have evolved to be used in modem artificial hearts, hip and knee pros-theses, artificial kidneys, and breast implants. Materials used in these applications include titanium, silicons, polyurethanes, teflon, polybiodegradable polymers, and most recently bio-nanomaterials (Pearce et al., 2007)... 

Natural teeth exhibit blue-white fluorescence in the long-wavelength UV [5.435]-[5.437]. Luminescent pigments are used to imitate this phenomena in artificial teeth. They are added to the ceramic paste at a concentration of 0.3-0.5 wt%. Yttrium silicates doped with cerium, terbium, and manganese give the best results [5.438]. The excitation maximum of these phosphors is in the range 325-370 nm. The fluorescence color of the teeth can be varied by changing the concentration of activators. 

Metallic gold has no known role in human health (except as artificial teeth), but its compounds are used to treat arthritis. It is a rare element in the crust of the Earth, and the hope of its discovery was the cause of the early growth of mining areas in Colorado, California, and Alaska. 

Gutta percha objects were created from raw, untreated latex that was melted and molded, or from vulcanized gutta percha, which has most of the same properties as hard rubber. Molded gutta-percha was made into a staggering diversity of objects, including golf balls, jewelry, thread, tool and weapon handles, condoms, water pipes, buttons, and in dentistry as a base for dentures, as fillings, and as artificial teeth. The thread was woven into waterproof blankets, tents, and other fabrics, mosdy for use by the military. 

Diacrylate monomers have been prepared that are photocurable in visible light and that have small polymerization shrinkage and high X-ray contrast properties. When polymerized with 0.01 to 0.04 pm glass powder, these dental composites were easily machined into artificial teeth. 

Dental appUcations (composites, artificial teeth and dentures)... 

Acrylic acid s production and use in the manufacture of plastics, paint formulations, leather finishings, paper coatings, and in medicine and dentistry for dental plates, artificial teeth, and orthopedic cement may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Acrylic acid has also been identified in... 

The largest volume of plastics for dental applications is consumed in the construction and repair of dentures. Other uses include artificial teeth, restoratives—especially for anterior... 

The use of ceramic and polymeric constituents in special alloys and blends has become widespread in recent years. These "polymeric cements have been applied to a variety of uses from pavement repair and maintenance (17) to artificial teeth (18,19,20) and endosseous implantTT (21)... 

All women whether of rank or professional degree, whether virgins, maids or widows, that shall from after this Act impose upon, seduce and betray into matrimony any of his majesty s subjects by the use of scents, potions, cosmetics, washes, artificial teeth, false hair, Spanish wool, iron stays, hoops, high heels, shoes or bolstered hips, shall incur the penalty of the law now in force against witchcraft and like misdemeanors, and that the marriage, upon conviction, shall be null and void. 

Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Artificial teeth Roemer and Tateosian, 1984... 

Occurs in clays and iron ores, and as TiOj in several minerals.. Titanic anhydnd, TiOn, is a white, insoluble, infusible powder, used in the manufacture of artificial teeth dissolves in fused KHO, as potassium titanate. Titanium combines readily wuth H, which it absorbs from air when heated. When NH is passed over red-hot TiOj, it is decomposed with formation of the violet nitrid, TiNj. Another compound of Ti and H forms hard, copper-colored, cubical crystals. 

Titanic acid is a snow-white infusible solid, in its relations somewhat analogous to silicic acid. When it has been fused with alkali, it becomes soluble in strong hydrochloric acid, but it is precipitated by boiling. A solution of galls causes an orange red colour in its solution, and a rod of zinc causes a purple deposit. Titanic acid is used in making the finer kinds of enamel for artificial teeth, from its whiteness and hardness. 

Another circumftance, which facilitates the nourifhment of mankind, is the mechanic art of grinding farinaceous feeds into powder between mill-ftones, which may be called the artificial teeth of fociety. It is probable, that fome foft kinds of wood, cfpecially when they have undergone a kind of fermentation, and become of loofer texture, might be thus ufed as food in times of famine. 

Surfaces of these materials are critical to their successful use. For some implants, the surface should promote healing through growth of host tissue. Artificial bones or joints are examples of these. In other cases, materials to be used in a biological environment should repel growth. Examples are surfaces of food-handling equipment and the bottom surfaces of ships. Dental implants (artificial teeth) have both requirements the root must promote growth to anchor it into the gum and jaw, while the top must repel plaque formation by bacteria. 

When Charles Goodyear accidentally invented vulcanized rubber between 1839 and 1851, he was given the idea of using that rubber (called Vulcanite) to make bases for artificial teeth. Within a few years, Vulcanite replaced the gold, silver, ivory, and animal bone that had been used for five centuries. However, in 1868 Vulcanite that cost 4 per pound could be used to make 150 worth of dentures. This ratio is not unusual for materials used in medical devices cost of the materials is often a very small part of the final cost. 

Recently, artificial teeth made of plastics and ceramics have seen growing application in elderly patients, especially in developed countries. There are nearly one million pieces of artificial teeth manufactured in Japan (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan, 2010), and the total number worldwide is reported to be 3 billion. Artificial teeth should be harmless to human health and designed to harmonize with the tissues in the oral cavity. They must also have the functional properties for chewing. Intrinsically, plastic teeth have more harmonized properties than ceramic teeth, and hence the percentage of plastic teeth (80%) in Japan is expected to increase in the future. 

Biological Chemical stability (hydroxyapatite, Al Oj) Artificial teeth, bones and joints... 

In recent years, dental research has been focused on dental implants and artificial teeth rooted in a patient s jaw allowing for a permanent denture, as alternatives to bridges or false teeth. A wide array of materials including polymers such as UHMWPE, PTFE, and PET have been used in many types of existing dental implants [54,119]. Porous polymeric surfaces are now designed to facilitate bone integration [54], Other dental applications of polymeric biomaterials have been for the development of a dental bridge, meant as a partial denture or false teeth. In extreme cases, removable dentures fabricated from PMMA are used to overcome the loss of all teeth [203]. 

Biological AI2O3 Biocompatibility, hardness Artificial teeth and bones... 

Biofoim Acrylic-based IPN for artificial teeth Dentsply Intematimial... 

The various dental polymers discussed in this article include impression materials, dentures and denture liners, artificial teeth, crown and bridge materials, mouth protectors, maxillofacial materials, restoratives (consisting of glass polyalkenoates or glass-ionomers and composites), adhesives, and sealants. Specifications and standards for dental materials are also briefly mentioned in the text. 

To achieve needed comfort, dentures must be custom-made. To form the customized denture, in which the artificial teeth are embedded, a wax pattern is used. The wax pattern is inserted in a plaster or dental stone in a split mold flask. After removal of the wax, the surface of the resulting mold cavity is painted with a separating medium, usually an aqueous alginate solution, followed by the addition of the acrylic resin. The separating medium aids in removal of the cured acrylic from the mold. 

PolymGriC T th for D ntur S. Acrylic resin denture teeth were introduced in the late 1930s. About 60% of all preformed artificial teeth used in dentures, at least in the United States are produced from acrylics or vinyl acrylic resins. The chemistry used is based on the well-known MMA polymerization... 

Dentsply International Trub3de, Bioform Acrylic-based Artificial teeth... 

Acrylic based Artificial teeth Low swelling in salad oils, good grindabUity by dentist... 

A Card.—the greatest improvement yet achieved in dentistry.—dr. levett s patent atmospheric plates for artificial teeth.—Dr. Reese, in his Medical Gazette, says many of his patients use them with a comfort and satisfaction hitherto unattainable. The above invention is patented, and the patentee has retained New York City exclusively for his own practice. Applications must, therefore, be made to Dr. Levett, No. 12 Waverely-place, near Broadway. 

Electroplating mold inserts for transfer molding of artificial teeth made from acrylic material are also among the molds with an irregular progress of the parting line. 

Blood bags and intravenous solution bags, one-way articles, gloves, band aids Syringes, hoses, packaging material, needles, sewing material Bone cement, intraocular and hard contact lenses, tooth filler material, artificial teeth, joint replacement... 

Medical and dental implants (artificial teeth, sutures, etc.). 

Bell A (1978). The geometric theory of selection of artificial teeth is it valid JADA 97 637-40. 

Commercial interpenetrating polymer networks (not including thermoplastic compositions) include artificial teeth (Dentsply) made Ifom crosslinked PMMA mixed with MMA monomer and polymerized (sequential IPN), sound and vibration damping compositions (e.g., vinyl-phenolic Hitachi) and sheet molding compositions (acryhc/urethane/polystyrene Ferro Chemical) [164]. Water-borne acrylic methane semi-IPNs are commercial Ifom several sources where acrylate monomers are polymerized in the presence of a polymethane water dispersion. A silicone/polytetrafluoroethylene composition described as an IPN is offered by Biomed Sciences under the Silon tradename. The fluoropolymer provides the mechanical strength and the silicone rubber offers the softness and oxygen and moisture permeability for applications in the wound care area. 

Dentsply International Trubyte Bioform IPN Acrylic-based Artificial teeth c/a... 

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