Bone integrity

A number of nutrients affect bone integrity early in life. While the role of certain minerals and vitamins bearing on skeletal integrity is well established, that of protein remains controversial, especially when consumed in excessive amounts. Protein-included calciuric effect as observed in adult man and animals may also occur early in life and thus conceivably affect peak bone mass adversely, particularly when calcium intakes may be marginal. In studies reported here (test model young female rats), it was found that a diet approaching adequacy in protein and based equally on plant and animal sources would favor some parameters which bear on skeletal mass at maturity more than other combinations of protein consumed. 

These drugs cross the fetal-placental barrier and can chelate calcium in developing bones, resulting in a decrease in bone integrity. 

Vitamin A plays a crucial role in vision. Vitamin D is necessary for bone integrity because of its role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Vitamin E is an important antioxidant, and vitamin K plays a role in blood clotting. 

Yet another type of cell is found deep within the bone matrix, the osteocyte. The role of this type of cell has yet to be elucidated, but it has been proposed that it may be responsible for maintaining bone integrity (3) and for providing nutrition to the bone. 

In recent years, dental research has been focused on dental implants and artificial teeth rooted in a patient s jaw allowing for a permanent denture, as alternatives to bridges or false teeth. A wide array of materials including polymers such as UHMWPE, PTFE, and PET have been used in many types of existing dental implants [54,119]. Porous polymeric surfaces are now designed to facilitate bone integration [54], Other dental applications of polymeric biomaterials have been for the development of a dental bridge, meant as a partial denture or false teeth. In extreme cases, removable dentures fabricated from PMMA are used to overcome the loss of all teeth [203]. 

Spalazzi JP, Dagher E, Doty SB, Guo XE, Rodeo SA and Lu HH. In vivo evaluation of a multiphased scaffold designed for orthopaedic interface tissue engineering and soft tissue-to-bone integration. / Biomedical Mat Res. 2008 86 1-12. 

Preservation of the remnant ACL reconstmction has recently received attentimi focused on the existence of mechanoreceptors in the ACL remnant that contribute to the proprioceptive function of the ACL [61-65]. However, the intrinsic healing potential of ACL remnants after ACL reconstmction has not been fuUy investigated. In the pilot study based on a previous series [44, 55, 56], the mpture site of the ACL remnant was harvested and transplanted to the grafts to augment healing, especially at the tendon-bone integration site. This technique is reliable, simple, surgeon-friendly, and inexpensive, and thus clinically feasible. 

Lijian, Z.,Ti-Sheng, C, Wei, W., Lei, C. (2000) Study of commercially pure titanium implants bone integration mechanism. Eur. J. Plast. Surg., 23,301-304. 

Ferraris S, et al. Antibacterial and bioactive nanostmctured titanium surfaces for bone integration. Appl Surf Sci 2014 311 279-91. 

X Rays. The most common application of planar X-ray imaging is in orthopedics, where it is used to assess bone integrity and detect fractures and breaks. Bone absorbs X-ray photons readily and therefore appears bright on X-ray film. In addition to planar X-ray imaging, there are a number of commonly used X-ray-based imaging modalities. Fluoroscopy is an imaging procedure that allows doctors to obtain... 

A BE surface was investigated to illustrate the effect on cpTi surfaces of two consecutive surface-structuring processes resembling those used in dental implants, and which are known to lead to particularly effective bone integration and stability [50]. In this sequence, the titanium surface is first treated by particle-blasting with alumina beads, followed by a chemical etch process in a hot solution of HCI/H2SO4 that superimposes an approximately 10-times finer structure on top of the B surface. Following surface... 

FIGURE 32.3 (See color insert.) Bi-phasic nanofiber scaffold for tendon-to-bone integration, (a) Cross-section of the bi-phasic scaffold (lOOOx, bar = 50 tm). Insert Elemental composition of the two phases, calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) present only in Phase B. (b) Matrix deposition on bi-phasic scaffold after 3 weeks of subcutaneous implantation in athymic rats (Collagen—picrosirius red, Proteoglycan—Aldan blue. Mineral—Von Kossa 20x, bar = 100 pm). (From Moffat, K. L. et al. 2010. Transactions of the 56th Orthopaedic Research Society. New Orleans, LA.)... 

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