Approaches for Biomarker Discovery

Proteomics is the assessment protein expression levels and can be used to monitor mRNA processing and posttranslational modifications [146, 147]. Metabonomics is 

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Peng Y, Li W, Liu Y. A hybrid approach for biomarker discovery from microarray gene expression data for cancer classification. Cancer Inform. 2007 2 301-311. 

AuNPs and QDs are considered an excellent approach for biomarker discovery due to their intrinsic features, such as low cytotoxicity. 

Proteomic approach for the discovery of serological biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma... 

Additionally it has been our experience that mass spectrometry as a routine detection/identification technique for bacteria is not well received by microbiologists and clinicians who prefer less expensive, less complicated approaches to bacterial typing and identification, such as methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). For that reason we have adapted our MS approach to serve as a means of biomarker discovery that feeds candidate proteins or leads into development as PCR targets or other immunoassay techniques. 

High-throughput proteomic methods hold great promise for the discovery of novel protein biomarkers that can be translated into practical interventions for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. These approaches may also facilitate the development of therapeutic agents that are targeted to specific molecular alterations in diseases such as cancer. In many cases, malignant cells yield unique protein profiles when total protein extracts from such cells are analyzed by 2-D gel electrophoresis or mass spectrometry (MS) methods. Such proteomic studies have the potential to provide an important complement to the analysis of DNA and mRNA extracts from these tissues.1... 

Food fingerprint can be defined as a specific molecular marker diagnostic for a characteristic food/nutritional state or condition. These biological markers also referred as biomarkers are specific indicators that can be objectively measured and evaluated (1). They can be genes, proteins, or metabolites. Biomarker discovery and validation is still a current hot topic for nutrition and food science. Emerging omics technologies provide a good discovery-based approach for... 

The continued use of proteomics, as described in this review, should result in the discovery of new diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers, in addition to those already identified in the referenced studies in this chapter, facilitating the identification of potential drug targets for the development of new therapeutic approaches for combating heart and cardiovascular disease. 

Proteomics is a modem parallel approach for investigating protein expression in experimental systems. In pharmaceutical research, this methodology is used to accelerate the discovery of novel drug targets and biomarkers. Among the several possible techniques for the study of proteomes, the combination of two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis with mass spectrometric identification of the separated proteins has gained wide popularity. This technique involves the analysis of vast numbers of small gel spots that are excised from two-dimensional protein separation... 

Previous studies have used proteome comparisons to study such neurological disorders as Alzheimer s disease (AD), Parkinson s disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia, schizophrenia, and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. Some examples of utilizing proteomics approaches for discovery of biomarkers for neurological disorders in human CSF are given in Table 49.2. 

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