Biomarker approach

SHARED MECHANISM OF ACTION—AN INTEGRATED BIOMARKER APPROACH TO MEASURING THE TOXICITY OF MIXTURES... 

In a similar way, an integrated biomarker approach has a role when carrying out experiments in mesocosms. Under these controlled conditions, behavioral effects of neurotoxic pollutants, acting singly or in combination, can be monitored and compared with data on predator-prey relationships and effects at the population level. The employment of mechanistic biomarker assays can facilitate comparisons between results obtained in mesocosms and other data obtained in the field or in laboratory tests. Here is one way of attempting to answer the difficult question— how comparable are mesocosms to the real world ... 

Additional information on biomarker approaches and new technologies, such as microarray assays, developed to address complex pollution problems... 

Encouraged by this spectral reproducibility, we focused our efforts on the particularly challenging problem of distinguishing bacterial strains by MALDI MS. We developed a modified correlation approach22 that relies on two fundamental qualities of bacterial mass spectra. First, because different bacterial strains of the same species have substantial, if not complete, genetic overlap, most of the protein masses observed with two different strains will be identical. This feature limits the value of the biomarker approach that is commonly used to differentiate bacteria species. Second, as just noted, closely controlled sample preparation and mass analysis procedures can result in highly reproducible results.22 The modified correlation approach takes advantage of subtle, yet reproducible, differences in mass spectra obtained from dif-... 

Anderson WAC, Castle L, Scotler MJ, Massey RC, Springall C (2001) A biomarker approach to measuring human dietary exposure to certain phthalate diesters. Food Addit Contam 18 1068-1074... 

Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Veltkamp, D.J., and Cretney, W.J. (1995) Terrestrial and marine biomarkers in a seasonally ice-covered Arctic estuary—integration of multivariate and biomarker approaches. Mar. Chem. 49, 1-50. 

Perhaps the most important argument to use such biomarker approaches lies in their inherent potential to integrate the exposure to compounds that are hitherto unknown or unidentified and to account for interactions like synergism or antagonism. 

Crews H, Alink G, Andersen R, Braesco V, Holst B, Maiani G, Ovesen L, ScotterM, Solfrizzo M, van den Berg R, Verhagen H, and Williamson G (2001) A critical assessment of some biomarker approaches linked with dietary intake. British Journal of Nutrition 86(Suppl l),S5-35. 

Cache 1., Grimalt J. O., and Canals M. (2002) Response of the western Mediterranean Sea to rapid climatic variability during the last 50,000 years a molecular biomarker approach. J. Mar. Sys. 33-34(C), 253-272. 

Several of the papers presented demonstrate that the same antibody can be used in a variety of different formats (31-321. This characteristic will become increasingly important. Certainly the same assay can be used both for analysis of environmental samples and in the analysis of human body fluids as a biomarker approach (29.351 in the latter application immunoassay offers numerous advantages. 

Galloway TS, Brown RJ, Browne MA, et al. (2004a) Ecosystem management bioindicators the ECOMAN project - a multi-biomarker approach to ecosystem management. Marine Environmental Research 58 233-7. 

Wirgin II, Grunwald C, Courtenay S, Kreamer G-L, Reichert WL, Stein JE (1994) A biomarker approach to assessing xenobiotic exposure in Atlantic tomcod from the North American Atlantic Coast. Environ Health Perspect 102 764-770. 

Howell, K.L., Pond, D.W., Billett, D.S.M., and Tyler, PA. (2003) Feeeding ecology of deep-sea seastars (Echinodermata Asteroidea) a fatty-add biomarker approach. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 255,193-206. 

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