Research: applied, 17 pure

Russian researchers applied this scheme to readily available chiral dienes or their precursors and prepared several enantiomerically pure target substrates, the enantioselectivity of intramolecular [3 + 2]-cycloaddition being virtually complete. 

Edward Frankland, "Contributions to the Notation of Organic and Inorganic Compounds," 425, in Frankland, Experimental Researches in Pure, Applied, and Physical Chemistry (London J. Van Voorst,... 

Experimental Researches in Pure, Applied, and Physical Chemistry. London J. Van Voorst, 1877. 

Throughout his whole career, Lappert has been a firm supporter of basic research driven purely by intellectual curiosity, rather than by current fashions of applying chemistry to its several sister disciplines. He mentored well over 100 Ph.D. students, and with his coworkers published nearly 800 papers and reviews on various aspects of inorganic and organometallic chemistry. The emphasis of his work has been on the synthesis and the characterization of compounds in novel or unusual oxidation states and/or geometries. Most of the results relate to molecular chemistry of the metals and metalloids, a characterization that allows inclusion of the extensive contributions to the chemistry of amide... 

Compare and contrast pure research, applied research, and technology. 

When the ozone hole was reported in 1985, scientists had made measurements of CFC levels in the stratosphere that supported the hypothesis that CFCs could be responsible for the depletion of ozone. The pure research done only for the sake of knowledge became applied research. Applied research is research undertaken to solve a specific problem. Scientists continue to monitor the amount of CFCs in the atmosphere and the annual changes in the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. Applied research also is being done to find replacement chemicals for the CFCs that are now banned. Read the Chemistry and Society feature at the end of this chapter to learn about research into the human genome. What type of research does it describe ... 

In the study of water, what questions might be asked in pure research Applied research Technology (1.4)... 

Experimental Researches in Pure and Applied Chemistry. London Van... 

In order to use biomass in an environmentally friendly manner, various chemical-free approaches for lignin extraction have been applied. Pure subcriticai water and supercritical water technologies (Aquasoiv) have recently received increasing attention based on earlier research [41,44 7, 56-65]. Subcriticai water and supercritical water behave very differently... 

DETHERM/ELDAR Database The Electrolyte Database Regensburg ELDAR [15] is a numerical property database for electrolytes and electrolyte solutions from the Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry of the University of Regensburg. It started in 1976 and contains data on pure substances and aqueous as well as organic solutimis. The database was designed as a literamre reference, numerical data, and also model database for fundamental electrochemical research, applied research, and also the design of production processes. 

When I said, above, that Adhesion is an applied science, I meant that in distinction from the so-called pure sciences. The research workers in pure science have a lot of intellectual freedom, and can choose from a vast number of problems to work on. They can choose how to attack the problems, and can set their own pace. They can carry the problems to completion this last is very important. They can publish without restraint. (An academic scientist finds this totally essential to his career he gets no Brownie points in his Dean s books for unpublished reports to a corporation.) Pure research wins Nobel prizes. So there is every motivation for an academic scientist or engineer to do his research in "pure science". 

A stronger tendency towards applied research has always been a part of Prof. VuCelid s character. Hence, in the past few years he has tried to apply pure biophysical methods to medical research. This has resulted in a new method for the diagnosis of skin diseases based on the propagation of acoustic waves through complex skin interphases and to a new hypothesis about the cause of Balkan nephropathy. 

Pure research is done to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself. Molina and Rowland s research on the behavior of CFCs— showing that in the lab CFCs could speed up the breakdown of ozone—was motivated by their curiosity and is an example of pure research. Applied research is undertaken to solve a specific problem. Scientists are conducting experiments to find chemicals to replace CFCs. These experiments are examples of appUed research. 

References D. D. Wagman, et ah, The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, in J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11 2,1982 M. W. Chase, et ah, JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Physics, 1986 (supplements to JANAF appear in J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data) Thermodynamic Research Center, TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Texas A M University, College Station, Texas I. Barin and O. Knacke, Thermochemical Properties of Inorganic Substances, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1973 J. B. Pedley, R. D. Naylor, and S. P. Kirby, Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, 2nd ed.. Chapman and Hall, London, 1986 V. Majer and V. Svoboda, Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Chemical Data Series No. 32, Blackwell, Oxford, 1985. 

Rosenhain (1917) published a book chapter entitled The modern science of metals, pure and applied , in which he makes much of the New Metallurgy (which invariably rates capital letters ). In essence, this is an eloquent plea for the importance of basic research on metals it is the diametric converse of the passage by Brearley which we met earlier. 

Something rather different was the set of 7 volumes of the International Critical Tables masterminded by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, edited by Edward Washburn, and given the blessing of the International Research Council (the predecessor of the International Council of Scientific Unions, ICSU). This appeared in stages, 1926-1933, once only when Washburn died in 1934, the work died with him . This last quotation comes from a lively survey of the history of ICSU (Greenaway 1996) this book has an entire chapter devoted to Data, and Scientific Information . 

An automatic control system is often introduced because it appears to do a job better than the human. However, the human is still asked to monitor its effectiveness. It is difficult to see how the worker can be expected to check in real time that the automatic control system is, for example, using the correct rules when making decisions. It is well known that humans are very poor at passive monitoring tasks where they are required to detect and respond to infrequent signals. These situations, called vigilance tasks, have been studied extensively by applied psychologists (see Warm, 1984). On the basis of this research, it is unlikely that people will be effective in the role of purely monitoring an automated system. 

Asymmetric synthesis is a stimulating academic challenge, but since it has become clear that most chiral drugs can be administered safely only in the enantiomerically pure form, the industrial need for asymmetric methods has made research in asymmetric synthesis absolutely necessary [5]. This has driven a renaissance in the discipline of organic chemistry, because all of the old-established reactions need to be reinvestigated for their application in asymmetric synthesis [6]. This has also applied... 

The viscosity of a fluid arises from the internal friction of the fluid, and it manifests itself externally as the resistance of the fluid to flow. With respect to viscosity there are two broad classes of fluids Newtonian and non-Newtonian. Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity regardless of strain rate. Low-molecular-weight pure liquids are examples of Newtonian fluids. Non-Newtonian fluids do not have a constant viscosity and will either thicken or thin when strain is applied. Polymers, colloidal suspensions, and emulsions are examples of non-Newtonian fluids [1]. To date, researchers have treated ionic liquids as Newtonian fluids, and no data indicating that there are non-Newtonian ionic liquids have so far been published. However, no research effort has yet been specifically directed towards investigation of potential non-Newtonian behavior in these systems. 

So far operations research has utilized the talents of individuals from a wide spectrum of fields ranging from chess players and physical and social scientists to mathematicians, pure and applied. Imagination and a good background in technical excellence are the basic elements in this choice of individuals. A significant consequence of all this is an opportunity for broad intellectual contacts and cross-fertilization of ideas in many diverse fields. 

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