Applications in Cosmetics

Both racemic and D-lactic acid are less suitable for cosmetic applications because they are not as mild as the L form. 

The L form is the form which is present in the human body (e.g., skin, hair and muscles). Every day the human body produces about 120 g of LA. LA is also part of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) that retains moisture in the skin. 

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Today, glycerol has over 2000 different applications, in cosmetics, pharmaceutics, foods and drinks, tobacco, paper, inks and printing colors, the production of phthalic and maleic alkyd resins and crosslinked polyesters, and as a hydraulic agent. Polyglycerols have a wide range of applications as emulsifiers, and technical esters of glycerol with fatty acids are used as synthetic lubricants [4]. 

Pfannemtiller et al. showed that it is possible to obtain carbohydrate-containing amphiphiles with various alkyl chains via amide bond formation. For this, mal-tooligosaccharides were oxidized to the corresponding aldonic acid lactones, which could subsequently be coupled to alkylamines [128-136]. Such sugar-based surfactants are important industrial products with applications in cosmetics, medical applications etc. [137-139]. The authors were also able to extend the attached mal-tooligosaccharides by enzymatic polymerization using potato phosphorylase, which resulted in products with very interesting solution properties [140, 141]. 

Ester synthesis of cholesterol linoleate. Cholesterol fatty acid ester is an important cell membrane lipids and has many applications in cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other industries. Akehoshi et aL(7) reported the ester synthesis of the cholesterol fatty acid ester with native lipase. Synthesis of the cholesterol fatty acid ester was also carried out in water-saturated n-hexane by palmitic acid-modified lipase. As shown in Table III, this system made it possible for the synthesis of the cholesterol fatty acid ester in organic solvents using the modified lipase. 

N. B. Desai and N. Lowicki, New sucrose esters and their applications in cosmetics, Cosmet. Toiletries, 100 (1985) 55-59. 

Ethylene glycol (EG) may be obtained from cellulose by many ways, for instance, by the catalytic conversion over carbide catalysts [71], It is the simplest linear polyol available and often serves as a model for more complex substrates. Many reports are therefore available on the telomerization of EG. The possible telomer products are shown in Scheme 14, the linear mono-telomer typically being the desired compound. The mono-telomer can be used, after saturation of the double bonds, as a plasticizer alcohol in polyvinylchloride production, whereas application in cosmetics and surfactants has also been indicated [72]. Early examples include the work of Dzhemilev et al., who first reported on the telomerization of butadiene with EG in 1980, yielding a mixture of the mono- and di-telomers and butadiene dimers using a palladium catalyst activated by AlEt3 [73]. Kaneda also reported the use of EG in... 

Cocoa butter is derived from the tree Theobroma cacao, which grows in several tropical areas, including Indonesia, the Ivory Coast, Malaysia, New Guinea and Brazil, which dominate the trade. The seeds of the tree, known as cocoa beans, were first consumed in the form of a drink prepared by the Maya and Aztec Indians. Cocoa beans were carried to Europe during the 16th century and the product was developed into the sweetened solid bar we are familiar with as chocolate. Cocoa butter is used mainly in the manufacture of chocolate confectionery, but it is also popular for applications in cosmetics and as an ingredient of pharmaceutical creams. 

The complexity of the aqueous products situation can be illustrated by Rose Water. It is a long established product with a history of applications in cosmetics, skincare and culinary preparations. Initially it may be produced from different botanical species e.g. typically Wild rose (Rosa canina), Damask rose (Rosa damascena) and Cabbage rose (Rosa centifolia). 

This study showed that the bacterial cellulose derived fix)m coconut and pineapple juices can be converted efficiently to bacterial cellulose by the supplementation of yeast extract and ethanol under static fermentation conditions at 30 °C. Bacterial celluloses produced from all strains are growth associated products. Coconut juice seems to be a better substrate than pineapple juice. In view of energy consumption, the productivity of BC on this medium is high, which makes the production costs lower than expected. It is also clear that different A. xylinum strains produce different BC content levels under the same inoculation volumes and under static cultivation conditions. These results suggest that bacterial cellulose pellicles of all strains appear to be easily applied to use in many applications such as food, paper, and textile industries, without requiring additional steps of decolorization and purification. Furthermore, the properties of cellulose, in tenns of crystallinity, high water-absorption capacity, and mechanical strength of the reported strains, have additional applications in cosmetics and medicine. 

It is found in Japan, the Korean peninsula, and China. Another name for this plant is kujin, which literally means the bitter root. The Chinese characters for this plant also point to the fact that althongh this root may taste bitter, it has snperior medicinal qualities. The roots of this species are commercially available as the generic Kosam in Korea, and it has been apphed freqnently in folk medicine as an antipyretic, analgesic, anthelmintic, and a stomachic drag. Externally the root has been applied to treat rashes and a variety of other ailments. Although hitherto it has not found widespread application in cosmetic prodncts, it is used to a certain extent for its moisture-retention and disinfectant properties. ... 

Wilkinson, J.A. Brown, A.MG. (1999). Horse Chestnut - Aesculus hippocastanum Potential applications in cosmetic Skin-care products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, Vol 21, No. 6, pp. 437-447. 

Supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) has a very good field of application in cosmetics analysis as separation treatment before different analytical techniques (e.g., waxes, UV filters, preservatives, or vitamins have been extracted from different cosmetic matrices). 

Polyethers have high water solubilities because of their ability to form multiple hydrogen bonds to water molecules. Marketed commercially as carbowaxes, these polymers have a variety of uses, ranging from use in gas chromatography columns to applications in cosmetics. 

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