Application-oriented research activities

This would be the most fascinating aspect of ion beam irradiation. Remarkable successes have been achieved, and examples are given below. 

Radiation resistance of polymer materials is of critical importance when the materials are applied in radiation environments. To y rays or electron beams, the radiation resistance is well studied, especially by JAERI [113] and CERN [114]. Polymeric materials will be applied for space or a fusion reactor as constructing or insulating materials. The materials are subjects to in-conventional radiation such as protons, heavy ions, and neutrons having high LET to materials. With this fact, radiation resistance to high LET radiation would be different from that to low LET radiation. However, the underlying radiation chemical effects that cause deterioration are cross-linking and/or main chain scission, therefore microscopic and macroscopic effects have a close correlation with each other. 

Neutron irradiation of materials itself is a well-established field. To study the susceptibility of materials around nuclear plants, articles are well found in journals related to nuclear materials. Irradiation in a nuclear reactor is carried out, however with some exception, the beam provided is combination of y rays and neutron beams. Therefore one should be prudent in evaluating dose. Neutron loses its energy through nuclear collision because of electric neutrality. For organic materials, neutrons can make light mass nucleus recoiled, such as hydrogen. Based on this speculation, neutron irradiation on polymer materials can be simulated by proton irradiation. For example, proton beam (30 MeV) irradiation on glass fiber reinforced epoxy was carried out and it was found that deterioration behavior was identical between proton 30 MeV and y rays [118]. It 

has been supported partly by a project of JSPS-RFTF 98P00901 and a Grand-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B-10480115) of the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japanese Government. 

JAERI-M, JAERI-Review, JAERl-Conf report is irregularly issued by staff of Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERl). Inquiries about availability of the reports should be addressed to, Research Information Division, Department of Intellectual Resources, JAERl, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken, 319-1195 Japan. 

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U.S. chemistry leadership will diminish in core areas. The growth in applications-oriented research and molecularly oriented bio- and materials-related activities has been accompanied by a parallel decrease in funding for basic research in some fundamental core areas of physical chemistry and organic chemistry. Core research areas, which underlie advances in emerging areas of science, are likely to continue to struggle for research support. Japan and Europe maintain more balanced support between core and emerging areas of chemistry. In some core subareas, such as main group chemistry, nuclear and radiochemistry, and basic theory, the U.S. position has already noticeably diminished. 

The variety of the examples listed above documents that dendrimer chemistry has attained increasing interest. In this compilation of recent results the trend towards functional and application-oriented molecules including biochemically active, photoswitchable, and polymerlike dendrimers is particularly apparent. Dendrimers cross the boundaries of classical organic chemistry and as new materials will penetrate deeper into the topical fields of nanostructures , supramolecules and polymers in the future. Increasing industrial research on dendrimers and the commercial availability of PAMAM and polyamine dendrimers should stimulate further investigations in this field. 

According to Figure 1, the overall development is best described by the exponential increase in numbers of patents, publications, commercial products, and sales, which cannot be discussed in this Introduction. This astonishing development is still ongoing. New rapidly developing markets arise in Asia, especially in China and products with new chemical and/or physical properties expand the fields of application. New requirements have to be identified, options have to be discussed, and solutions have to be found Where are the needs and opportunities of silicon chemistry in the new century In principle academic basic silicon research and industrial market-oriented research cannot be separated they profit from and influence each other. Today s activities in both fields, academia and industry, may be described by the following triangle. 

The brief presents a systematic study of synthesis of optically active polymers. It discusses in detail about the syntheses of three different types of optically active polymers from helical polymers, dendronized polymers and other types of polymeric compounds. The brief also explains the syntheses of optically active azoaromatic and carbazole containing azoaromatic polymers and copolymers optically active benzodithiophene and optically active porphyrin derivatives. The final chapter of the brief discusses different properties of optically active polymers such as nonlinear optical properties, chiroptical properties, vapochromic behavior, absorption and emission properties, fabrication and photochromic properties. The intrinsic details of different properties of optically active polymers will be useful for researchers and industry personnel, who are actively engaged in application oriented investigations. 

The development of catalytic asymmetric reactions is one of the major areas of research in the field of organic chemistry. So far, a number of chiral catalysts have been reported, and some of them have exhibited a much higher catalytic efficiency than enzymes, which are natural catalysts.111 Most of the synthetic asymmetric catalysts, however, show limited activity in terms of either enantioselectivity or chemical yields. The major difference between synthetic asymmetric catalysts and enzymes is that the former activate only one side of the substrate in an intermolecular reaction, whereas the latter can not only activate both sides of the substrate but can also control the orientation of the substrate. If this kind of synergistic cooperation can be realized in synthetic asymmetric catalysis, the concept will open up a new field in asymmetric synthesis, and a wide range of applications may well ensure. In this review we would like to discuss two types of asymmetric two-center catalysis promoted by complexes showing Lewis acidity and Bronsted basicity and/or Lewis acidity and Lewis basicity.121... 

The publicly-funded fuel cell research program started in 1985, with the main activities performed at the Energy research Centre ofthe Netherlands (ECN). Between 1985 and 2001, about 100 million was invested by mixed public-private funds in the development of fuel cell and hydrogen energy. The objectives ofthe Dutch fuel cell programs were initially oriented to the application of coal gas in MCFC based systems. The MCFC activities were terminated in 2001, after an evaluation failed to indicate its commercial viability with natural gas. Afterwards, the activities shifted to SOFC and PEM technology for high efficient conversion of natural gas in small-scale decentralised units. 

Membranes have been an active focus of NMR research for some time, using techniques appropriate to both solution and oriented samples to determine dynamics and structure. Readers are encouraged to consult several excellent recent reviews on this broad area,4,5,105 as only highlights directly related to HRMAS will be included here. While MAS has been applied for some time at modest rotation rates typical of HRMAS,7 recent applications at high spinning speeds (> 10 kHz) provided high resolution XH NMR... 

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