Public/private

Country Public Private Total Source (date) Growth, %pa... 

Bentson, J. G. Wrighton, M. S., submitted for publication, private communication from M. S. Wrighton. 

Like the old PNGV program, Freedom CAR will be a public-private partnership, combining DOE s National Labs with industry and innovations at the nation s universities. 

In early 2000, FCE s Direct Fuel Cell (DFC) went into a joint public/private development with NETL. This system uses internal conversion of the natural-gas fuel to hydrogen, as opposed to an external unit. This reduces costs and creates efficient use of excess heat. The DFC system has already passed 8600 hours and a one-year milestone at FCE s headquarters. 

The NIH and the pharmaceutical industry have formed a new partnership to overcome barriers to early-phase clinical trials. The Secretary of Health and Human Services, Tommy Thompson, announced on July 9, 2003 grant awards for six cancer centers involved in a unique public-private partnership. Five pharmaceutical companies together with NCI put forth a total of 5.7 million for this partnership. Institutions receiving the funding include Massachusetts General Hospital University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Washington University, St. Louis University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute University of California, Davis Cancer Center and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (http //WWW. bms.com/news/other/data/pf other.news.385 5. html). 

Whether there are any cost-effective, flexible pull mechanisms that can supplement the patent system, is, however, an open question. Below, I examine three proposals for pull incentive mechanisms. None of them is perfect. The question is whether any of them is likely to be worth investing the billions of dollars they would likely cost, diverting money away from direct research funding and public-private partnerships. 

Ridley, R. G. 2004. Product Development Public-Private Partnerships for Diseases of Poverty, in Combating Diseases Associated with Poverty, ed. by R. Widdus and K. White. Geneva Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health. 

Improving access to essential medicines is perhaps the most complex challenges to all actors in the public, private and NGO (non-government organization) sectors involved in the field of medicines supply. They must all combine their efforts and expertise, and work jointly towards the solutions. Many factors define the level of access, such as financing, prices, distribution systems, appropriate dispensing and use of essential medicines. 

Integrate medicines in health sector development Create efficient public-private-NGO mix approaches in supply delivery... 

Public-private-NGO (non-governmental organization) mix approaches are being pursued to ensure timely availability of medicine supplies of assured... 

WHO. Public-private roles in the pharmaceutical sector. Implication for equitable access and rational drug use. Health economics and drugs. Geneva World Health Organization 1997. (DAP series no 5 WHO//DAP/97.12). 

In January 2004, the European Commission established the European Technology Platform for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells, a cluster of public/private R D initiatives within the Commission s Framework Programs. 

Creation of an Austrian Fuel Cell Cluster fostering public/private R D activities/initiatives. or mobile applications ... 

Austria presently uses a mix of different public/private R D instruments to support HFC activities. In total, up to 50 ongoing/future activities were identified by the Austrian Energy Agency analysis Hydrogen and Fuel Cell R D in Austria Country Picture, September 2003, which involved more than 40 Austrian institutions and companies. For 2003 and 2004 the total R D budget for these R D fields are estimated to 7.5 million each year, respectively. 

In 1999, the Ministry of Research, in association with the Ministry of Industry, created the Fuel Cell Technological Research Network (PACo network) to contribute to French energy policy for the development of new energy sources. The purposes of the network were to foster creativity and innovation needed for the commercial development of fuel cells and to encourage public-private partnerships and facilitate interdisciplinary cooperation. In July 2000, the government launched CNRT (Centre National de Recherche Tech nolog ique) in Belfort-Montbeliard, involving the construction of a fuel cell test platform dedicated to transport applications. The fiiel cell test capacities have demonstrated power up to 200 kW. 

The publicly-funded fuel cell research program started in 1985, with the main activities performed at the Energy research Centre ofthe Netherlands (ECN). Between 1985 and 2001, about 100 million was invested by mixed public-private funds in the development of fuel cell and hydrogen energy. The objectives ofthe Dutch fuel cell programs were initially oriented to the application of coal gas in MCFC based systems. The MCFC activities were terminated in 2001, after an evaluation failed to indicate its commercial viability with natural gas. Afterwards, the activities shifted to SOFC and PEM technology for high efficient conversion of natural gas in small-scale decentralised units. 

FutureCen is a 1 billion, public-private effort to construct the world s first fossil fuel, low-pollution power plant, incorporating new carbon sequestration technologies and producing both electricity and hydrogen. 

In November 2003, the EC also launched the European Initiative forCrowthto boost EU economic development. The initiative includes a "Quick Start Programme" with a list of projects for public/private investment in infrastructure, networks and knowledge. The aim is to encourage the creation of public/private partnerships in co-operation with the Member States and the European Investment Bank in order to leverage finance. 

Fostering Public-Private Partnerships and encouraging innovative approaches to sustainable chemicals management in developing and transition countries are additional fields of her work. She studied Economics at the Vienna University of Business Administration and Social Sciences and Environmental Management at the University of London. 

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