Volatile metabolites

T. Borjesson, U. Stollman, and J. Schnurer, Volatile metabolites produced by six fungal species compared with other indicators of fungal growth on cereal grains, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58 2599 (1992). 

Zlatkis, A., Bertsch, W., Lichtenstein, H.A., Tishbee, A., Shunbo, F., Liebich, H.M., Coscia, A.M. and Fleischer, N. (1973) Profile of volatile metabolites in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 45, 763-767. 

No information was found on the placental transfer and distribution of phenol, however, Ghantous and Danielsson (1986) examined this question for benzene, the principal metabolite of which is phenol. Mice at gestation day 11, 14, and 17, were exposed by inhalation to 14C benzene and the distribution of benzene and its volatile and non-volatile metabolites examined using whole body autoradiaography and assessment of tissue concentrations of 14C (day 17 only). The authors indicated that the exposure regimen (50 Ci of 14C benzene in maize oil, volatilized by gentle heating) would theoretically produce 2,000 ppm in the inhalation chamber. Measurements of the difference between the amount added to the... 

The volatile metabolites comprised 6% of the radioactivity. Carbon dioxide formed the main component. Other compounds, including carbonyl sulfide, were detected only in traces below 0.04%. 

In rats exposed to 600 mg/m [150 ppm] 1,2-dichloroethane for 6 h or administered 150 mg/kg bw by gavage, there was no significant difference in the route of excretion of non-volatile metabolites (Reitz et al., 1982). The major urinary metabolites identified following exposure of rats by either route were thiodiacetic acid (67-68%) and thiodi-acetic acid sulfoxide (26-29%). 

Weaver JC (1982) Continuous monitoring of volatile metabolites by a mass spectrometer. In Cohen JS (ed) Noninvasive Probes of Tissue Metabolism. J Wiley, New York... 

Soil. Degrades in the soil to a range of mainly volatile metabolites. Well adsorbed onto soil particles, and is not readily leached DT50 5-37 days... 

Harwood, J. S. Direct Detection of Volatile Metabolites Produced by Microorganisms. Proceedings of the 36th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, San Francisco, CA, June 5-10,1988. 

Disposition in the Body. Readily absorbed on inhalation. About 50% of a dose is exhaled unchanged in 18 hours and more than 80% is exhaled in 5 days. Less than 5% of a dose is excreted in the urine as non-volatile metabolites. Difluoromethoxydifluoro-acetic acid has been identified as a urinary metabolite. 

The anaerobic fermentation of sugars by Saccharomyces wine yeasts generates a variety of volatile metabolites that contribute to the sensory profile of wine. The important compounds include esters, higher alcohols, volatile fatty acids, carbonyls, and volatile sulfur compounds. The accumulation of these compounds in wine depends on the strain of yeast, must composition (chemical, physical and nutrient composition) and fermentation conditions. In addition, a variety of... 

Table 8D.6 The diversity of volatile metabolites produced by different species of wine yeasts ... 

Howell et al. (2006) also carried out extensive metabolite profiling of the volatile metabolites produced in wines made by cofermentation with Saccharomyces strains. They found that cofermentation not only produced a metabolite profile different from wines made by monoculture fermentation, but that blends of the monoculture fermentation wine were also notably different. These various finding therefore strengthen the anecdotal observations of winemakers that cofermentation with two or more strains can potentially increase the flavour complexity of wines. These studies also suggest that cofermentation of yeasts with greater metabolic dissimilarity are likely to produce greater differences in the profile of volatile and non-volatile metabolites, as has been observed when mn-Saccharomyces yesists are cofermented with Saccharomyces (Sect. 8D.6.4). Additional studies are needed to understand better the complex metabolic interactions and to describe the major impacts on wine composition and flavour. 

Zironi, R., Romano, P., Suzzi, G., Battistutta, R, Comi, G. (1993) Volatile metabolites produced in wine by mixed and sequential cultures of Hanseniaspora guilliermondii or Kloeckera apic-ulata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnology Letters, 15, 235-238. 

Recently, a radioactive volatile metabolite M3 with a small molecular weight was studied using LC-NMR [43]. Conventional NMR was not possible because the radioactivity of the sample was lost when the fraction containing the metabolite was evaporated to dryness prior to the NMR studies. In this... 

Thompson JA, Ho B, Mastovich SL. 1985. Dynamic headspace analysis of volatile metabolites from the reductive dehalogenation of trichloro - and tetrachloroethanes by hepatic microsomes. Anal Biochem 145 376-384. 

Edwards, C.G. and Peterson, J.C. 1994. Sorbent extraction and analysis of volatile metabolites synthesized by lactic acid bacteria isolated from wines. J. Food Sci. 59, 192-196. 

Tracey, R.P. and Britz, T.J. 1989. Freon 11 extraction of volatile metabolites formed by certain lactic acid bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 1617-1623. 

In addition to the above, unidentified non-volatile metabolites have Been reported in mice (33, 34). 

Filipiak W, Sponring A, Filipiak A, Ager C, Schubert J, Miekisch W, Amann A, Troppmair J (2010) TD-GC-MS analysis of volatile metabolites of hitman lung cancer and normal cells in vitro. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19(1) 182—195. doi 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0162... 

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