Appalachian region

Conventional coal cleaning processes can remove about 50% of pyritic sulfur and 30% of total sulfur. For northern Appalachian region coals it has been shown that a greater sulfur reduction can be achieved by applying physical coal cleaning to finer size coals (Table 3) (8). 

Three West Virginia coals were supplied by the West Virgmia Geological Survey (WVGS). The particular coals were chosen on the basis of rank, petrographic composition, and mineral matter content The coals were limited to the bituminous rank since these coals are the most amenable to the NMP solvent extraction process and are mdigenous to the Appalachian region. Some of the coal characteristics are listed in Table 2. 

During the period 1900 and 1919, there was tremendous growth in U.S. oil production. Geographically, oil production also undeiwent important changes. In 1900, total annual U.S. oil production reached 63.6 million barrels. By this time, major production had shifted from the Northeast to the Appalachian region and the Midwest, and in particular the famous Lima-Indiana fields. In 1900, these areas together produced over 91 percent of total U.S. oil. 

Appalachian Region Class F Illinois Basin Class F Gulf Coast Class E Fort Union Class C Powder River Basin Class C... 

There have been several assessments of the potential of physical coal cleaning for reducing SO2 emissions (29-31). Maronde and Deurbrouck ( 1) estimated the maximum potential sulfur reduction that could be achieved through extensive cleaning of coals from the Northern Appalachian Region Maryland, Ohio,... 

Pennsylvania, and northern West Virginia. The study focused on the 11 highest producing coal seams, which accounted for approximately 94 percent of the 168.4 million tons of coal mined in the region in 1982. (The United States produced about 833 million tons of coal in 1982 (22).) The Northern Appalachian Region has a reserve base... 

Table V presents sulfur reduction data for two of the major coal seams in the region the Pittsburgh Seam and the Lower Kittanning Seam. Laboratory washability (float-and-sink) analyses of representative samples of these coals were used to determine potential sulfur reductions at various levels of cleaning. To assess the impact on regional SO2 emissions, sulfur reduction potentials were estimated for only those coals both produced and utilized in the Northern Appalachian Region. The "Present Level" of cleaning shown in the table represents estimated base-line values for the amount of sulfur in the coal product. These values take into consideration any coal cleaning that occurred, and are compared to coal sulfur contents that would result from more intense levels of cleaning. Each of the 11 major coal-producing seams in the region were evaluated in this manner.

Sulfur Reduction Potential of the Coals of the Northern Appalachian Region, C.P. Maronde, and A.W. Deurbrouck, Proc. 2nd Annual Coal Preparation Exhibition and Conference, Lexington, KY, April 1985. 

For example, the mean particle size of pyrite in the Midwest region is about 37ym (U00 mesh), for the Central to Western Midwest region is about 107ym (150 mesh), and in the Appalachian regions is about 68-100ym. This can only mean that a significant amount of the pyrite is in the very fine to colloidal fractions. In fact, there are coal seams, such as Kentucky No. 9, where almost all of the pyrite particles are often smaller than about ten micrometers (2. ... 

Ackenheil Associates Geo Systems, Inc., Evaluation of Pollution Abatement Techniques Applicable to Lost Creek and Brown s Creek Watershed, West Virginia, Appalachian Regional Commission report. National Technical Information Service PB—242—722, October 1973. 

Preliminary studies by the Bureau of Mines estimate that there are 251 billion tons of low sulfur coal reserves (mineable coal) at less than 1000 ft in depth, of which an estimated 198 billion tons are in the West and 53 billion tons east of the Mississippi River. Of these totals, 30 billion tons are considered to be low sulfur strippable reserves in the West at less than 100 ft deep and 2 billion tons in the East. Preponderantly, however, low sulfur reserves are at depths which would require underground mining. Approximately 50% of these quantities is recoverable in mining. Supplemental surveys and analyses are being made by the Bureau of Mines of low sulfur coal reserves and production, separately for both the Appalachian region and the rest of the country. 

The second part of the paper addresses arsenic enrichment in coal of the Appalachian Basin and adjacent Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States (areas 3 and 4 in Fig. 1). In this regional setting, elevated crustal arsenic concentrations in rocks are vell documented, but processes associated vith the original introduction of arsenic into coal and metamorphic rocks have not been systematically studied. However, the Appalachian region is very important because here both natural weathering and mining can potentially lead to dispersion of arsenic into the local environment. 

Rocky Mtns. Northern Great Plains Illinois Basin Appalachian Region ... 

Appalachian Region Alabama, eastern Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia Swanson et al. (2 ). 

Julie Davis Beckley Appalachian Regional Hospital, Beckley, WV... 

A study of the chemistry of a small California stream that receives acid mine water (27) showed that above pH 4.9 the dissolved aluminum concentration appeared to be controlled by aluminum hydroxide solubility equilibria, but below pH 4.6 aluminum hydroxy-sulfates apparently predominated. This study also cited data for acid mine drainage in the Appalachian region and lakes affected by acid precipitation that showed a similar pattern of aluminum behavior. 

Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 (40 U.S.C. App. 402). Authorizes Federal assistance in the construction of an Appalachian development highway system construction of multicounty demonstration health facilities, hospitals, regional health, diagnostic and treatment centers, and other facilities for health seal and fill voids in abandoned mines and to rehabilitate strip mine areas construction of school facilities for vocational education and to assist in construction of sewage treatment works. 

Black walnuts are native to the Central Mississippi Valley and the Appalachian region of North America. However, they have been planted beyond their natural range and they grow over a wide area on good agricultural soils. Black walnuts were an important source of food for the American Indians and early settlers. 

It is found in India, Africa, Sweden and the Appalachian region of the United States. Deposits in DUlwyn, Va., and Cullen, Va., have been worked for some years and are turning out many thousands of tons annually for use in refractories, ceramics and other associated fields. 

Example 13 Myers et al. (2002) describes an analysis of the number of fractures that occur in the upper seam of mines in the Appalachian region of western Virginia. We want to know how y, the number of fractures that occur in the upper seam of mines, relates to the predictor variables. The predictor variables are xi, the inner burden thickness (in feet), X2, the percent extraction of the lower previously mined seam, xs, the lower seam height (in feet), and X4, the length of time mine has been opened (in years). The data is shown in Table 9.1. Twenty iterations of the reweighted... 

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