Mississippi Valley

Zinc. Zinc deposits in the United States extend from Maine through the Appalachian Mountains, and west through the Mississippi Valley into the Rocky Mountain states. U.S. reserves are estimated to be 27 x t Zn (108). World reserves and resources are 135 and 110 x 10 t, respectively. The... 

Figure 2-60 shows a classification system developed by the Lower Mississippi Valley-Division, U.S. Corps of Engineers. Percentages are based on dry weight. A mixture with 50% or more clay is classified as clay with 80% or more silt, as silt and with 80% or more sand, as sand. A mixture with 40% clay and 40% sand is a sandy clay. A mixture with 25% clay and 65% silt is a clay-silt (see intersection of dashed lines in Figure 2-60). 

Figure 2-60. Classification chart for mixed soils (from Lower Mississippi Valley Division, U.S. Corps of Engineers).

The tests reported were conducted in 1948 on apples growing in the Yakima Valley in the Pacific Northwest and in the Mississippi Valley, to determine the magnitude of parathion and DDT spray residues at harvest. The climates and spray schedules differ markedly in the two areas consequently, spray residues also differ, and are larger in the Mississippi Valley than in the Yakima Valley. 

The studies in the Yakima Valley were made on two varieties of apples and those in the Mississippi Valley on five varieties. Duplicate samples of 1500 and 2000 grams of fruit were employed for each analysis at Vincennes and samples of 1000 to 1500 grams at Yakima. 

Table II shows the parathion residues on Golden Delicious apples in the Mississippi Valley immediately after the final spray application and after 25 and 38 days of weathering. Five plots received six parathion sprays and a sixth plot received parathion in only the last two sprays.

Table II. Parathion Residues on Golden Delicious Apples, Mississippi Valley...

Table III shows the parathion residues on Jonathan and Starking Delicious apples from seven spray plots in the Mississippi Valley. Identical treatments were used on both varieties. The Starking variety showed a slightly lower parathion residue than the Jonathan. The difference was not great, however. In general, the residue after the final spraying was proportional to the concentration of parathion in the spray mixture. The exception is plot 4, sprayed with 2 ounces of parathion with nicotine-bentonite-oil, which shows a residue approximately equal to that obtained on plots sprayed with 4 ounces of parathion, alone or in combination with DDT (plots 11 and 12). The residue 2 weeks after spraying was only one quarter to one third of that found immediately after spraying, and 46 days after spraying only one plot (No. 14 sprayed with 8 ounces of parathion) showed a residue significantly in excess of 0.1 p.p.m.

Table IV gives the data from seven plots of Winesap and Rome Beauty apples in the Mississippi Valley. The spray schedules are similar to those used for the plots included in Table III, except that an additional parathion spray was applied on plots 9, 11, 14, and 4 on August 19, and the final harvest sample was taken on October 5. Only on the plot that was sprayed seven times with the 8-ounce strength of parathion (plot 14) did the spray residue at harvest approximate 0.1 p.p.m.

Table VI shows the DDT residues at harvest on plots in a Golden Delicious orchard in the Mississippi Valley. All plots received six sprays containing DDT.

Table VII shows the residues of DDT at harvest in the Mississippi Valley on Jonathan and Starking Delicious apples on which a six-spray schedule was used. All plots except plot 8 were sprayed six times with DDT at 8 ounces to 1 pound per 100 gallons. Plot 8 received only four sprays, three containing 1.5 pounds and one containing 1 pound...

Table VIII shows the residues of DDT at harvest on Rome Beauty and Winesap apples in the Mississippi Valley. The plot treatments are the same as for Jonathan and Starking Delicious apples (Table VII) except that a seven-spray schedule was used. The residues at harvest shown in Table VIII are greater than those in Table VII. A comparison shows that when six cover sprays of DDT are applied without adhesives the harvest residues are approximately 7 p.p.m. or slightly more. If, however, seven cover sprays are applied, the residues may exceed 9 p.p.m. of DDT, unless the concentration is reduced to less than 1 pound of DDT in 100 gallons.

In the Mississippi Valley the studies included sprays containing as much as 8 ounces of parathion in 100 gallons. When 4 ounces or less of parathion were used, and no spray was applied less than 40 days before harvest, parathion residues were generally less than 0.2 p.p.m. Increasing the concentration of parathion in the spray mixture or decreasing the time interval between the last spray and harvest sometimes resulted in heavier residues. 

Spray schedules with as much as 1.5 pounds of DDT in 100 gallons were studied in the Mississippi Valley. The number of sprays containing DDT was as high as seven, six being applied in most of the treatments. A six-spray schedule in which 1 pound of DDT was used, without any adhesive, resulted in harvest residues approximating or slightly in excess of 7 p.p.m. of DDT. When seven sprays were used DDT residues in some treatments were considerably in excess of 7 p.p.m. 

Reber, E. A. and Evershed, R. P. (2004a) How did Mississippians prepare maize The application of compound specific carbon isotopic analysis to absorbed pottery residues from several Mississippi Valley sites. Archaeometry 46, 19 33. 

Anderson, G. M. and G. Garven, 1987, Sulfate-sulfide-carbonate associations in Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits. Economic Geology 82,482 488. 

Sphalerite from the till displays a range of 534S values from-14.1 to -6.0 per mil with a mean value of -9.0 per mil. These low values are interpreted to be the result of bacterial reduction of coeval seawater sulphate. These values are different than those reported for Mississippi Valley-type deposits in the northern and southern Cordillera, which are dominantly much heavier (Fig. 4). Sulphur isotope values... 

Cumming, G.L., Kyle, J.R., Sangster, D.F. 1990. Pine Point A case history of lead isotopic homogeneity in a Mississippi Valley-type district. Economic Geology, 85, 133-144. 

Nelson, J., Paradis, S., Christensen, J. Gabites, J. 2002. Canadian Cordilleran Mississippi Valley-type deposits A case for Devonian-Mississippian back-arc hydrothermal origin. Economic Geology, 97, 1013-1036. 

Paradis, S., Turner, W.A., Coniglio, M., Wilson, N. Nelson, J.L. 2006. Stable and radiogenic isotopic signatures of mineralized Devonian carbonates of the Northern Rocky Mountains and the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In Hannigan, P.K. (ed) Potential for carbonate-hosted lead-zinc Mississippi Valley-type mineralization in northern Alberta and southern Northwest Territories Geoscience Contributions,... 

Buikstra, J. E. and Milner, G. R. (1991). Isotopic and archaeological interpretations of diet in the central Mississippi valley. Journal of Archaeological Science 18 319-329. 

The order Mollisol is distributed throughout the Ohio and Upper Mississippi Valleys. The Mollisol for this study is of the Woodburn Series and was collected from Benton County, Oregon. The soil is typically described as montmorilloni-tic and contains moderate quantities of organic matter. It may be slightly acidic to moderately alkaline. 

Chlorine is the major anion in surface- and mantle-derived fluids. It is the most abundant anion in hydrothermal solutions and is the dominant metal complexing agent in ore forming environments (Banks et al. 2000). Despite its variable occurrence, chlorine isotope variations in natural waters conunonly are small and close to the chlorine isotope composition of the ocean. This is also true for chlorine from fluid inclusions in hydrothermal minerals which indicate no significant differences between different types of ore deposits such as Mississippi-Valley and Porphyry Copper type deposits (Eastoe et al. 1989 Eastoe and Guilbert 1992). 

The Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) deposits are epigenetic Zn-Pb deposits which mainly occnr in carbonates from continental settings (Ohmoto 1986). 

Jones HD, Kesler SE, Furman FC, Kyle JR (1996) Sulfur isotope geochemistry of southern Appalachian Mississippi Valley-type depopsits. Econ Geol 91 355-367 Jprgensen BB, BOttcher MA, Lflschen H, Neretin LN, Volkov 11 (2004) Anaerobic methane oxidation and a deep H2S sink generate isotopically heavy sulfides in Black Sea sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68 2095-2118... 

During the Civil War, Rock Island Arsenal was established in 1863 at Rock Island, 111 to supply the Union troops in the Mississippi Valley... 

Deposits in the Mississippi Valley, U.S.A., Trans. Sect. B., Inst. Mining Metallurgy (1969) 78, B148-B160. 

In the bituminous coals of the US Illinois and Appalachian basins, arsenic primarily occurs in pyrite. The arsenian pyrite probably originated from subsurface fluids that existed about 270 million years ago during the formation of the Ouachita and Appalachian mountains (Goldhaber, Lee and Hatch, 2003). The arsenic-bearing fluids in the midcontinent Illinois Basin were primarily brines derived from surrounding sedimentary basins that were also responsible for the formation of the Mississippi Valley lead-zinc deposits. In contrast, the fluids that were responsible for the arsenian pyrites in the Appalachians (especially in the coals of the Warrior Basin of Alabama) were metamorphic and not as saline as those in the midcontinent (Goldhaber, Lee and Hatch, 2003). 

Basinal Brines as a Source of Sulfur in High-Sulfur Coals. Sulfide minerals, such as pyrite and sphalerite, in coal seams may be deposited from basinal hydrothermal fluids. The occurrence of epigenetic sphalerite in Illinois Basin coals has been described by Hatch et al. (119) and Cobb (120). Whelan et al. (121) studied the isotopic composition of pyrite and sphalerite in coal beds from the Illinois Basin and the Forest City Basin, and suggested that some of the coals were affected by Mississippi Valley-type hydrothermal solutions. 

---