Appalachian

Zinc. Zinc deposits in the United States extend from Maine through the Appalachian Mountains, and west through the Mississippi Valley into the Rocky Mountain states. U.S. reserves are estimated to be 27 x t Zn (108). World reserves and resources are 135 and 110 x 10 t, respectively. The... 

Fluorspar deposits ate commonly epigenetic, ie, the elements moved from elsewhere into the country rock. For this reason, fluorine mineral deposits ate closely associated with fault 2ones. In the United States, significant fluorspar deposits occur in the Appalachian Mountains and in the mountainous regions of the West, but the only reported commercial production in 1993 was from the faulted carbonate rocks of Illinois. 

Natural gas and its combustion properties appear to have been known since early times (2). Some early temples of worship were located in areas where gas was seeping from the ground or from springs, and it is reported that Julius Caesar saw a phenomenon called the "burning spring" near Grenoble, France. Gas wells were drilled in Japan as early as 615 AD and in 900 AD the Chinese employed bamboo tubes to transport natural gas to their salt works, where the heat was used to evaporate water from salt brine. The existence of natural gas in the United States was reported by early setders who observed gas seeps and columns of fire in the Ohio Valley and the Appalachian area in 1775 (3). 

The United States possesses a wealth of good quaUty coking coals in the Appalachian states as well as in locations in some southern and western states (4) (see Coal). Coal blends normally consist of higher rank (more metamorphosed) coals in minor proportion relative to certain lower rank coals. 

Conventional coal cleaning processes can remove about 50% of pyritic sulfur and 30% of total sulfur. For northern Appalachian region coals it has been shown that a greater sulfur reduction can be achieved by applying physical coal cleaning to finer size coals (Table 3) (8). 

Three West Virginia coals were supplied by the West Virgmia Geological Survey (WVGS). The particular coals were chosen on the basis of rank, petrographic composition, and mineral matter content The coals were limited to the bituminous rank since these coals are the most amenable to the NMP solvent extraction process and are mdigenous to the Appalachian region. Some of the coal characteristics are listed in Table 2. 

Russia dominating world production. In the United States, drilling was concentrated in the Appalachian oil fields until the Beaumont Texas, Spindletop Hill discoveiy on Januaiy 10, 1901, which then shifted exploration and production to the Southwest. 

During the period 1900 and 1919, there was tremendous growth in U.S. oil production. Geographically, oil production also undeiwent important changes. In 1900, total annual U.S. oil production reached 63.6 million barrels. By this time, major production had shifted from the Northeast to the Appalachian region and the Midwest, and in particular the famous Lima-Indiana fields. In 1900, these areas together produced over 91 percent of total U.S. oil. 

Ordovician 520 Appalachian Mountains begin Primitive lisbes... 

Harris, J. O., Proceedings, Sixth Ann. Appalachian Underground Corrosion Short Course, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, 198 (1961)... 

Miller, M. C., Portable Testing Instruments for Corrosion Mitigation Testing , Proceedings Appalachian Underground Short Course, W. Virginia University, USA (1959)... 

The American glow-worm O. fultoni is found in the Appalachian Mountains. The larvae of Orfelia live on damp stream banks, and they... 

Velbel, M. A. (1985). Hydrogeochemical constraints on mass balances in forested watersheds of the southern Appalachians. In "The Chemistry of Weathering" (J. I. Drever, ed.), pp. 231-247. G. Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland. 

Recent work identifying Plagiochila retrorsa Gottsche from collections made in the Azores and Madeira establishes a significant range extension for a taxon, known under several other names, which occurs in the southern Appalachian Mountains and in Costa Rica. Rycroft et al. (2001) described morphological and phytochemical characteristics of representative specimens of this liverwort. Phytochemically, P. retrorsa belongs to the 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene chemotype species (major stmctural type is that of compounds 449 and 450). 

J. M. Toth. Natural gas odorization and its techniques. In Proceedings Volume, pages 170-174.49th Annu Appalachian Gas Meas Short Course (Coraopolis, PA, 8/15-8/18), 1989. 

The migration of iron mineral fines, primarily hematite and magnetite, is a common occurrence in portions of the Appalachian Basin. The phenomenon often occurs after well stimulation and can result in the continuing production of iron mineral fines which pose a significant disposal problem. The migration of iron mineral fines through propped fractures can substantially reduce the fracture flow capacity. Many of these are mineral fines are native to the formation and are not formed by precipitation of acid-soluble iron salts present in injection waters during or after acidi-... 

Kotb, A.K. and Kasraie, B. "Laboratory Investigation of Damage from Guar Gum Base Gels," SPE paper 3660, 1971 SPE Appalachian Section, Charleston, November 4-5. 

Eastern (Appalachian) Carboniferous Pa., Ohio, W. Va., Ala., Tenn., E. Ky. HVB to anthracite variable S (medium to high)... 

Garten CT, Cooper LW, Post III WM, Hanson PJ (2000) Climate controls on forest soil C isotope ratios in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Ecology... 

Harrahy, E.A., M.J. Wimmer, S.A. Perry, D.C. Faber, J.E. Miracle, and W.B. Perry. 1993. Persistence of diflubenzuron on Appalachian forest leaves in stream water. Jour. Agricul. Food Chem. 41 2191-2196. 

Martinat, P.J., V. Christman, R.J. Cooper, K.M. Dodge, R.C. Whitmore, G. Booth, and G. Seidel. 1987. Environmental fate of dimilin 25-W in a central Appalachian forest. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39 142-149. 

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