Appalachian basin

The migration of iron mineral fines, primarily hematite and magnetite, is a common occurrence in portions of the Appalachian Basin. The phenomenon often occurs after well stimulation and can result in the continuing production of iron mineral fines which pose a significant disposal problem. The migration of iron mineral fines through propped fractures can substantially reduce the fracture flow capacity. Many of these are mineral fines are native to the formation and are not formed by precipitation of acid-soluble iron salts present in injection waters during or after acidi-... 

Sageman BB, Murphy AE, Weme JP, Straeten CAV, Hollander DJ, Lyons TW (2003) A tale of shales the relative roles of production, decomposition, and dilution in the accumulation of organic-rich strata, Middle-Upper Devonian, Appalachian basin. Chem Geol 195 229-273 Sarmiento JL, Toggweiler JR (1984) Anew model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric pCOj. Nature 308 621-624... 

This review article summarizes the factors that influence the storage of C02 in deep aquifers. A case study of expected mineral-brine-C02 reactions in the Rose Run Sandstone, a deep aquifer and oil- and gas-containing formation in the Appalachian Basin area of eastern Ohio, USA, is presented. Geochemical reactions between C02, brine, and formation minerals are emphasized in the example because these reactions determine the ultimate fate of C02. 

The Rose Run Sandstone is the best characterized of the Cambrian sandstones because it is also an oil and gas reservoir (Fig. 3). It is also the only one of the Cambrian sandstones that is known to retain its sandstone composition in the eastern part of the state rather than passing laterally into carbonate. The Rose Run Sandstone is a sandy layer in the middle of the Knox Dolomite (Fig. 4), which across much of eastern Ohio lies at depths suitable for injection of supercritical C02 (Fig. 3). The Rose Run Sandstone was deposited in a passive margin phase of the Appalachian Basin and consists of interbedded layers of carbonate, primarily dolos-tone, and sandstone (Fig. 5). The sandstone is compositionally mature, consisting largely of quartz. Subordinate reactive minerals are the alkali feldspars and locally abundant glauconite (Fig. 5). Dolomite and quartz are the dominant cements (Janssens 1973 Riley et al. 1993). 

In the bituminous coals of the US Illinois and Appalachian basins, arsenic primarily occurs in pyrite. The arsenian pyrite probably originated from subsurface fluids that existed about 270 million years ago during the formation of the Ouachita and Appalachian mountains (Goldhaber, Lee and Hatch, 2003). The arsenic-bearing fluids in the midcontinent Illinois Basin were primarily brines derived from surrounding sedimentary basins that were also responsible for the formation of the Mississippi Valley lead-zinc deposits. In contrast, the fluids that were responsible for the arsenian pyrites in the Appalachians (especially in the coals of the Warrior Basin of Alabama) were metamorphic and not as saline as those in the midcontinent (Goldhaber, Lee and Hatch, 2003). 

Tuttle, M.L.W., Goldhaber, M.B., Ruppert, L.F. and Hower J.C. (2002) Arsenic in Rocks and Stream Sediments of the Central Appalachian Basin, Kentucky U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-28, U.S. Geological Survey. 

Appalachian Basin WV, PA, OH, E. KY, AL, VA, TN, MD Bituminous 98.7 Widely variable, mostly 0.5 to 5% sulfur. Large quantities of low-sulfur coal occur in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field and the Southern Field of West Virginia. 

Maynard J.B. (1981) Carbon isotopes as indicators of disposal patterns in Devonian-Mississippian shales of the Appalachian Basin. Geology 9, 262-265. 

As has been found to occur in solid solution in pyrite (13), while Cd has been found in solid solution in sphalerite (14,15). The predominant mineral species containing a particular element can vary. In one example, Pb seems to be present mostly as PbSe in Appalachian Basin coals, but it tends to exist in the form of PbS in coals from other regions (13,16). 

Isotopic data from coal imported from the Appalachian Basin of the eastern United States are instead consistent with Bagnoli, since this coal was used at Bagnoli as an additive in the smelting furnace during the steel manufacturing process. The raw material (i.e., Fe minerals) was imported from Liberia, Canada, India, and other nations unfortunately, the only isotopic data available in the literature are for Loulo and the Nimba shield Fe formations (Liberia, Eastern Africa), and those are not compatible with Bagnoli data. 

Mora C. I. and Driese S. G. (1999) Palaeoenvironment, palaeoclimate and stable carbon isotopes of Palaeozoic red-bed palaeosols, Appalachian Basin, USA and Canada. Spec. Pub. Inti. Assoc. Sedimentologists 27, 61-84. 

Kesler S. E., Martini A. M., Appold M. S., Walter L. M., Huston T. J., and Furman F. C. (1996) Na-Cl-Br systematics of fluid inclusions from Mississippi Valley-type deposits, Appalachian Basin constraints on solute origin and migration paths. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 225-233. 

Murphy A. E., Sageman B. B., Hollander D. J., Lyons T. W., and Brett C. E. (2000a) Black shale deposition in the Devonian Appalachian Basin siliciclastic starvation, episodic water-column mixing, and efficient recycling of biolimiting nutrients. Paleoceanography 15, 280-291. 

Roen J. B. (1984) Geologic framework and hydrocarbon evaluation of Devonian and Mississippian black shales in the Appalachian Basin. AAPG Eastern Seetion meeting. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 68, 1927. 

Kolker A., Cecil B. C., Dulong F. T., and Fedarko N. (2001) Effect of pyrite composition textme, and form on acid ttrine drainage potential in coal-bearing strata of the central Appalachian Basin. Geol. Soc. Am. Ann. Meet. Abstr. Progr. Pap. 172-0. 

Kuuskraa V. A., Kelafant J., and Kuuskraa J. A. (1997) A critical look at the geologic and reservoir controls on producing Appalachian Basin coalbed methane. AAPG Eastern Section and the Society for Organic Petrology Joint Meeting. Abstracts, AAPG Bulletin. 81, 1556. 

Laughrey C. D. and Baldassare F. J. (1998) Geochemistry and origin of some natural gases in the Plateau Province, central Appalachian Basin, Pennsylvania and Ohio. AAPG Bull. 82,... 

O Connor J. T. (1988) The Campbell Creek/No. 2 Gas/ Peerless Powellton coal bed correlation from the middle of the Kanawha Eormation of the central Appalachian Basin. In USGS Research on Energy Resources-1988 Program and Abstracts. US Geological Survey Circular 1025 (ed. L. M. H. Carter), pp. 39. 

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