Antitoxins

Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research (CBER). This center is responsible for the regulation and approval of ah biological products intended for use in the treatment, prevention, or cure of diseases or injuries to humans. A biological product is any vims, therapeutic semm, toxin, antitoxin, vaccine, blood or blood component or derivative, or analogous product (5). It also includes products produced by biotechnology, such as interferons and erythropoietins. 

A toxin is a poisonous substance produced by some bacteria, such as Clostridium tetani, the bacteria that cause tetanus. A toxin is capable of stimulating the body to produce antitoxins, which are substances that act in the same manner as antibodies. Toxins are powerful substances, and like other antigens, they can be attenuated. A toxin that is attenuated (or weakened) but still capable of stimulating the formation of antitoxins is called a toxoid. 

A vrai dire je ne saurais preciser encore < quel moment I anaphylaxie est h son ma.ximum. C est un point que je me propose d etudier avec plus de details iorsqtie j aurai reussi b preparer ft I tat sec I i-lement actif du poison, on cougesHne, d barrass de son antitoxine, ou thalassine ( ). 

Immunosera, which were once very widely used in the prophylaxis and treatment of many infections, are little used today, as vaccines have made some immunosera unnecessary and lack of proven therapeutic benefit has caused others to be relegated to immunological history. Tetanus antitoxin is an exception in that it is a very effective prophylactic that is still used in countries where there are inadequate supplies of tetanus immunoglobulin. Human immunoglobulins have important but limited uses. 

Botulinum antitoxin Neutralizatien ef the lethal effects of botulinum toxins A, B and E in mice SOOlUmI- eftypeA 5001U mM ef Type B 50IU ml- ef Type E... 

Diphtheria antitoxin Neutralization of the erythrogenic effect of diphtheria toxin in the skin of guinea-pigs lOOOlUmI" if prepared in horses 5001U mM If prepared in other species... 

Tetanus antitoxin Neutralization of the paralytic effect of tetanus toxin in mice 1000 lU ml for prophylaxis 3000 lU ml for treatment... 

In each of tiie assays of potency the amount of the immunosenim and the amount of a corresponding standard antitoxin dial are required to neutralize die effects of a defined dose of the corresponding toxin are determined. The two determined amounts and die assigned unitage of the standard antitoxin are dien used to calculate the potency of die immunoserum in International Units (lU). 

This is an acute, non-invasive infectious disease associated with the upper respiratory tract (Chapter 4). The incubation period is fiom 2 to 5 days although the disease remains communicable for up to 4 weeks. A low molecular weight toxin is produced which affects myocardium, nervous and adrenal tissues. Death results in 3-5% of infected children. Diphtheria immunization protects by stimulating the production of an antitoxin. This antitoxin will protect against the disease but not against infection of the respiratory... 

In medicine the need for standards was just as acute. Beal (r95i) mentioned that the U.S. Pharmacopoeia VI, issued in 1880, took a big step forward by adding tests for purity and quality of the materials described in it, but the use of reference materials as an integral part of the pharmaceutical monographs for drugs did not start until the 1950 s. Another example of activities at the end of the 19th Century was associated with the introduction, by Ehrlich, of the first diphtheria antitoxin and his... 

Clostridium botulinum 18-24 Canned fruits, vegetables, meats, honey, salsa, relish Weeks Acute Gl symptoms followed by symmetric, descending, flaccid paralysis death is possible Supportive (including mechanical ventilation) trivalent antitoxin... 

In the early 1900s, a balanced mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin was found to produce active immunity in both animals and humans. This preparation gained widespread acceptance and protected approximately 85% of recipients. Several years later, diphtheria toxoid was developed by treating the toxin with small amounts of formalin. This process caused the toxin to lose its toxic properties while maintaining its immunogenic properties. In the mid-1920s, the addition of an alum precipitate enhanced the immunogenic properties of the toxoid. 

R.E. Ionescu, C. Gondran, S. Cosnier, L.A. Gheber, and R.S. Marks, Comparison between the performances of amperometric immunosensors for cholera antitoxin based on three enzyme markers. Talanta... 

Monoclonal antibodies for in vivo use Cytokines (e.g. interferons and interleukins) Therapeutic enzymes Thrombolytic agents Hormones Growth factors Additional miscellaneous proteins Blood Blood proteins (e.g. albumin and blood factors) Vaccines Cell- and tissue-based products Gene therapy products Antitoxins, venoms and antivenins Allenergic extracts... 

Management of bite wounds consists of aggressive irrigation and topical wound dressing, surgical debridement, and immobilization of the affected area. Primary closure for human bites is not generally recommended. Tetanus toxoid and antitoxin may be indicated. 

Toxoids are inactivated bacterial toxins. They retain the ability to stimulate the formation of antitoxin, which are antibodies directed against the bacterial toxin. Adjuvants are inert substances, such as aluminum salts (i.e., alum), which enhance vaccine antigenicity by prolonging antigen absorption. 

Immune sera are sterile solutions containing antibody derived from human (immune globulin [IG]) or equine (antitoxin) sources. 

The requirements for treatment of chemical and antitoxin NBC-OD are increased stability self-administration universal action high efficiency instantaneous onset of action. 

---