Growth factors/hormones

Signal-transducing receptors are plasma membrane proteins that bind specific molecules, such as growth factors, hormones, or neurotransmitters, and then transmit a signal to the cell s interior, causing the cell to respond in a... 

Antibiotics are required to prevent microbial growth consequent to accidental microbial contamination. Supplemental serum (often bovine or fetal calf serum, or synthetic serum composed of a mixture of growth factors, hormones and metabolites typically found in serum) is required as a source of the often ill-defined growth factors required by some animal cell lines. 

Cell surface glycoproteins/ oligosaccharides Developmental signals Extracellular matrix components Growth factors Hormones... 

Raman spectroscopy can be used for live, in situ, temporal studies on the development of bone-like mineral (bone nodules) in vitro in response to a variety of biomaterials/scaffolds, growth factors, hormones, environmental conditions (e.g. oxygen pressure, substrate stiffness) and from a variety of cell sources (e.g. stem cells, FOBs or adult osteoblasts). Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy enables a detailed biochemical comparison between the TE bone-like nodules formed and native bone tissue. Bone formation by osteoblasts (OB) is a dynamic process, involving the differentiation of progenitor cells, ECM production, mineralisation and subsequent tissue remodelling. 

Increased responsiveness to and/or production of growth factors, hormones, and other active molecules... 

There are several pro-angiogenic factors that promote angiogenesis (Table 2). Those include growth factors, hormone receptor agonists, pro-coagulants, extracellular matrix proteins, or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). 

Therapeutic proteins can be divided into seven different groups cytokines, hematopoietic growth factors, growth factors, hormones, blood products, enzymes, and antibodies (Walsh, 2003). Most of these proteins have complex structures and undergo different post-translational modifications,... 

Mammalian cell culture is the most important source of therapeutic proteins and monoclonal antibodies. Just as mammalian cells are more complicated than most other microorganisms, the media required for their growth is also more complex. The extracellular medium must provide the same nutrients and growth factors that mammalian cells are exposed to in vivo in order for them to survive, proliferate, and differentiate. Serum contains many important components that support the growth of mammalian cells including growth factors, hormones, transport and binding proteins, attachment factors, protease inhibitors, and... 

Genomic tools 31 This method takes advantage of select genomic (microarray-or PCR-based approaches) and proteomic (antibody array analysis) tools to identify the receptors for growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and other components of cell signaling pathways expressed by a culture of interest. 

The MAPKs are protein kinases activated by growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and environmental stresses. One or more MAPKs are activated by almost every cell stimulus. The first MAPKs sequenced, Ksslp and Fus3p, are also the kinases most similar to mammalian ERKl/2 and were found in the pheromone response pathway of the budding yeast nearly 20 years ago (8). Subsequently, activities found in mammalian cells that favored Ser/Thr residues followed by Pro in substrates were purified and were shown to be mammalian MAPKs. More than a dozen mammalian MAPKs have now been identified. The hallmark of the MAPK family is the hi-peptide motif (Thr-Xxx-Tyr) located within the activation loop (T-loop) of the kinase domain, which contains the two sites phosphorylated to activate the kinases (2-9). Based on the canonical TZY motif and other features of the primary sequence, MAPKs are classified even more into three major subgroups the extracellular... 

Tab. 6.1 Stimulation of GPI hydrolysis by growth factors, hormones and cytokines. Adapted and updated from Ref. [7].

HIF pathway can be stimulated in normoxic conditions by various growth factors, hormones, and cytokines (Richard et al., 2000 Page et al., 2002 Kodama et aL, 2003 Ma et al., 2004). In most cases the basis of the stimulation is not known. 

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