Polymers antistatics

Electrical Conductivity. The electrical conductivity of carbon blacks is inferior to that of graphite, and is dependent on the type of production process, as well as on the specific surface area and structure. Since the limiting factor in electrical conductivity is generally the transition resistance between neighboring particles, compression or concentration of pure or dispersed carbon black, respectively, plays an important role. Special grades of carbon black are used to donate to polymers antistatic or electrically conductive properties. Carbon blacks with a high conductivity and high adsorption capacity for electrolyte solutions are used in dry-cell batteries. 

Charge decay rates -use m kinetic measurements [KINETIC MEASUREMENTS] (Vol 14) -of polymers [ANTISTATIC AGENTS] (Vol 3)... 

Antistat Cone. [HiTech Polymers] Antistats for jdastics. 

Polymer Antistat Composition (Pius Form, and Supplier Designation) Tested Antistat Loading Level (and Typical Loading Range) Static Decay Time (Seconds) After Various / Ing Periods (Days) Surface Resistivity Exponent (lO ohms/ sq) After Various Aging Periods (Days) ... 

Chem. Descrip. n-Butanol and iron (III) toluenesulfonate Uses Catalyst, oxidizing agent for prod, of conductive polymers, antistatic and electrostatic coatings, capacitor electrodes, through-hole plating of printed circuit boards Baytron M [Bayer]... 

PPG-2 lanolin alcohol ether PPG-10 lanolin alcohol ether PPG-20 lanolin alcohol ether conditioner/antistat, clear hair rinses Olealkonium chloride conditioner/antistat, hair care Distearyidimonium chloride conditioner dusts, soil Diatomaceous earth conditioning oil, cosmetics Oleic/linoleic triglyceride conditioning, hair creams/lotions/rinses Tallowtrimonium methosulfate conditioning/antidandruff shampoo Dihydrogenated tallow phthalic acid amide conductive polymer, antistatic coatings Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly (styrenesulfonic acid) Poly (styrenesulfonic acid)... 

Uses Detergent, dispersant, particle suspending agent, o/w emulsifier in dry cleaning systems, industrial processes plasticizer for hair polymers antistat skin cleanser for cosmetics... 

Antistats such as polyoxyethylenes (151,152) and A/-alkyl polycarbonamide (153) are added to nylon to reduce static charge and improve moisture transport and soil release in fabrics. These additives also alter the luster of fiber spun from bright polymer. Static reduction in carpets is achieved primarily by the use of fibers modified with conductive carbon black (see Antistatic agents Carbon, carbon black). 

Bicomponent technology has been used to introduce functional and novelty effects other than stretch to nylon fibers. For instance, antistatic yams are made by spinning a conductive carbon-black polymer dispersion as a core with a sheath of nylon (188) and as a side-by-side configuration (189). At 0.1—1.0% implants, these conductive filaments give durable static resistance to nylon carpets without interfering with dye coloration. Conductive materials such as carbon black or metals as a sheath around a core of nylon interfere with color, especially light shades. 

Antistatic polystyrenes have been developed in terms of additives or coatings to minimise primarily dust collecting problems in storage (see Antistatic agents). Large Hsts of commercial antistatic additives have been pubhshed (41). For styrene-based polymers, alkyl and/or aryl amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds, anionics, etc, are all used. 

A number of these stmctures are offered commercially by BASE Corporation under the trade name Tetronic polyols. The products are similar to oxygen block polymers. Although not strongly surface active per se, they are useful as detergents, emulsifiers, demulsifiers, defoamers, corrosion inhibitors, and lime-soap dispersants. They are reported to confer antistatic properties to textiles and synthetic fibers. 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been Hsted in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antisHp and antistatic properties to nylon, acryUc, and polyester fabrics. CycHc polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dibydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0] hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotria2ine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acryUc polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of usehil products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

Internal surfactant antistats ate physically mixed with the plastic resin prior to processing. When the resin is melted, the antistat distributes evenly in the polymer matrix. The antistat usually has some degree of solubiUty in the molten polymer. However, when the polymer is processed (extmded, molded, etc) into its final form and allowed to cool, the antistat migrates to the surface of the finished article due to its limited solubiUty in the solidified resin. The molecule of a surface-active agent is composed of a polar hydrophilic portion and a nonpolar hydrophobic portion. The hydrophilic portion of the surfactant at the surface attracts moisture from the atmosphere it is the moisture that has the static dissipative effect. 

In the same class of polymers, an antistat can exhibit different degrees of effectiveness. As seen in Table 6 the performance of ethoxylated oleyl amine varies among polyolefins. The data for polypropylene (PP) also shows the concentration dependence of antistats. 

There are many commercial surface and internal antistatic additives (136). Table 8 Hsts several of the internal antistats along with the polymers for... 

Table 8. Commercially Available Internal Antistatic Agents and the Polymers for Which They Are Recommended ...

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