Anticardiolipin antibodies

Protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, activated protein C resistance, lipoprotein(a) anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, prothrombin gene mutation 20210a... 

ELISA) in which the antibodies bind to a target lipid, which is usually cardiolipin. Platelet antibodies directed to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol are referred to as anticardiolipin antibodies and their presence is characterized as anti-cardiolipin antibody-thrombosis syndrome (96). 

Whereas (32 glycoprotein 1 ((J2-GPI) is the target of anticardiolipin antibodies, prothrombin is the antigen for most lupus anticoagulants. Both these antibodies are risk factors for both venous and arterial thrombosis. In addition, complications such as thrombocytopenia and recurrent miscarriages are manifestations of the so-called antiphospholipid syndrome (97). 

OCs do not increase the risk of flare among women with stable systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and without antiphospholipid/anticardiolipin antibodies. 

The most common adverse reaction to etanercept is mild to moderate erythema, pain, or pruritus at the injection site (37%). Headaches and abdominal pain can also occur. New positive autoantibodies, such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-dsDNA antibodies, and anticardiolipin antibodies, can develop in patients treated with etanercept. Although there is so far no association between this and the development of autoimmune diseases or malignancies, long-term studies have yet to be done. Rare cases of pancytopenia may be associated with this drug. Although clinical trials showed no increased risk of infection with etanercept treatment, postmarketing reports of serious infections, sepsis, and associated fatalities exist. 

Lopez-Pedrera, C., Buendia, P., Barbarroja, N., Siendones, E., Velasco, F. and MJ. Cuadrado, 2006, Antiphospholipid-mediated thrombosis interplay between anticardiolipin antibodies and vascular cells. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost.l2(l) 41-5. 

Deschiens MA, Conard J, Horellou MH, Ameri A, Preter M, Chedru F, Samana MM, Bousser MG (1996) Coagulation studies, factor V Leiden,and anticardiolipin antibodies in 40 cases of cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 27 1724-1730... 

Activated partial thromboplastin time, anticardiolipin antibody,° antinuclear and other autoantibodies... 

Elefsiniotis, I.S., Diamantis, I.D., Dourakis, S.P., Kafiri, G., Pantazis, K., Mavrogiannis, C. Anticardiolipin antibodies in chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis D infection, and hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Relationship with portal vein thrombosis. Eur. X Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2003 15 721-726... 

Additional parameters Decreased serum values of zinc (105, 196) and selenium (27, 181), thrombopenia or throm-bopathy (128) as well as increased values of endotoxins (33, 35) and homocysteine are also considered to be important laboratory parameters. Increased values of anticardiolipin antibodies are a hint of existing portal vein thrombosis. Determination of aj-foetoprotein (s. pp 106, 778) or des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (s. p. 779) should be carried out to obtain a basic value, then checked at longer intervals if values increase, they must be monitored at shorter intervals. This also applies if there is a progressive rise in AP and y-GT. 

Thrombosis occurred during celecoxib therapy (400 mg/day) in four women (aged 37-56 years) with connective tissue diseases and conditions that predisposed them to thrombosis, including Raynaud s phenomenon, raised anticardiolipin antibody titers, and a previous history of thrombosis. Peripheral artery thrombosis (three patients) and pulmonary embolism (one patient) were documented after starting celecoxib. Symptoms of thrombosis began to appear within 1 week of starting celecoxib in three patients and 2 months after starting celecoxib in the fourth patient. 

A 72-year-old woman with refractory sarcoidosis developed venous thrombosis at a catheter site and extensive multiple thromboses in small arteries in her legs after receiving a third dose of infliximab for severe enteropathy. Anticardiolipin antibodies were detected, but antinuclear and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies were negative. 

Nikolova M., Liubomirova M, Iliev A, Krasteva R, Andreev E, Radenkova J, Minkova V, Djerassi R, Kiperova B, Vlahov ID. Clinical significance of antinuclear antibodies, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and anticardiolipin antibodies in heroin abusers. Isr Med Assoc J 2002 4 (11 Suppl) 908-910. 

Other athrombogenic factors (e.g., anticardiolipin antibodies, thrombocytosis, sickle cell disease, polycythemia, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia)... 

Tests for hypercoagulable states (protein C deficiency, antiphospholipid antibody) should be done only when the cause of the stroke cannot be determined based on the presence of well-known risk factors for stroke. Protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III are best measured in the "steady state," not in the acute stage. Antiphospholipid antibodies as measured by anticardiolipin antibodies, /S2-glycoprotein I, and lupus anticoagulant screen are of higher yield than protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III but should be reserved for patients who are young (<50 years), have had multiple venous/arterial thrombotic events, or have livedo reticularis (a skin rash). 

Positive finding of antiphospholipid antibodies based on (1) an abnormal serum level of IgG or IgM anticardiolipin antibodies, (2) a positive test result for lupus anticoagulant using a standard method, or (3) a false-positive serologic test for syphilis known to be positive for at least 6 months and confirmed by Treponema pallidum immobilization or fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test. 

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Autoantibodies directed against neutral or negatively charged phospholipids including anticardiolipin antibodies (aCl) and lupus anticoagulant. They are diagnostic markers of the antiphospholipid syndrome, although they are also found in patients with other (autoimmune) diseases and infections. 

Allergy blood testing Allergy skin testing Anticardiolipin antibodies Anticentromere antibody Antideoxyribonuclease-B titer Anti-DNA antibody Anti-extractable nuclear antigens Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody... 

Anticardiolipin antibodies Anticentromere antibody test Antideoxyribonuclease-B titer Antidiuretic hormone Anti-DNA antibody... 

Asherson RA, Mayou SC, Merry P, Black MM, Hughes GR The spectrum of Uvedo reticularis and anticardiolipin antibodies. Br J Dermatol 1989 120 pp. 215-221. 

Elevated IgA anti-p2-glycoprotein 1 (an antigen of autoimmune anticardiolipin antibodies) and IgG antiheat shock protein (Hsp) 60/65 antibodies are associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke independent of other risk factors (186). The antigen-antibody complex target oxLDL, so the complexes are involved in oxLDL uptake into macrophages (reviewed in ref. 187). 

Sebastian JK, Voetsch B, Stone JH, et al. The frequency of anticardiolipin antibodies and genetic mutations associated with hypercoagulability among patients with Wegener s granulomatosis with and without history of a thrombotic event. J Rheumatol 2007 34(12) 2446-2450. 

In an observational study in London, 20 adults (12 male, mean age 52.6 years) with autoimmune neurological disease were prospectively evaluated while xmdergoing a 1- to 5-day course of high-dose IVIG infusions. There was a rise in plasma viscosity (associated with daily dose and entire course), serum interleukin-6 and erythrocyte sedimentation rate but not corresponding increase in blood pressure, C-reactive protein or fibrinogen. One of twenty patients developed IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies [59 ]. 

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