Antibiotics carbohydrate-based

Total syntheses of pyrrole alkaloids, furanoterpenes, macrolide antibiotics, and carbohydrates based on transformations catalyzed by transition metals 99SL1523. 

Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium.26 Clinical studies have identified H. pylori as a causative agent in gastric and duodenal ulcers.27 Considerable evidence exists to suggest that carbohydrate-based treatments could be an effective means to combat infection.28 Since bacterial attachment is a prerequisite to infection,29 soluble Leb oligosaccharides may serve as therapeutic alternatives to broad-spectrum antibiotics. 

Other medicinally useful aminoglycoside antibiotics are based on the aminocyclitol 2-deoxystrepta-mine, e.g. gentamicin Ci from Micromonospora purpurea. Although streptamine and 2-deoxystrepta-mine are actually cyclohexane derivatives, they are both of carbohydrate origin and derived naturally from glucose. 

This detailed article reports on the latest developments by three groups of researchers in the field of antibacterial surface treatments for glass, some polymers (such as PE, PP, nylon, and PETP), and porous materials which are carbohydrate-based. The three teams believe their antibacterial treatments will not worsen the increasing problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Full details of the developments are provided. MASSACHUSETTS,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY NEW YORK,PACE UNIVERSITY NEW YORK,CITY UNIVERSITY LONG ISLAND,UNIVERSITY TOKYO,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE PENNSYLVANIA,UNIVERSITY MASSACHUSETTS,UNIVERSITY ... 

Infection. Carbohydrate-based drugs that treat infection include antibiotics and anti viraMn this section are agents to treat sepsis and those that act as vaccines. Also, no attempt is made to cover all carbohydrate-based anti-infectives because of the number involved and because antibiotics are covered more thoroughly elsewhere (10). 

Oseltamivir (9) is a prodrug that is converted to free acid in the body, and the resulting molecule retains the carboxylate bonds found in sialic acid (7).It also makes use of a hydrophobic group that apparently binds better than a glycerol of sialic acid (7) that it replaces. The antibiotics zanamivir (8)and oseltamivir (9) are outstanding examples of new carbohydrate-based therapeutics. 

Bacterial RNA as targets of carbohydrate-based antibiotics in connection with resistance to the latter 01AG(E)3508. 

Wong C H, Bryan M C, Nyffeler P T, et al. (2003). Synthesis ot carbohydrate-based antibiotics. Pure Appl. Chem. 75 179-186. 

Spirocyclic C-aryl glycosides and styryllactones are carbohydrate-based lactones. Spirocyclic C-aryl glycosides are isolated from a strain of Papularia sphaerosperna and constitute a family of novel antifungal antibiotics. They serve as an excellent antifungal agent against Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans and Pneumocystis carinii. Styryllactones are enantiomers of ([))-altholactone, a natural product which possesses antitumour and cytotoxic activities. 

Goldinonolactone (40) and the chiral tetrahydrofuran (41) were key intermediates in a chiral, but non-carbohydrate-based, synthesis of the antibiotic aurodox both these intermediates are also accessible from carbohydrates, (40) being made from an L—mannose derivative and (41) from D-mannose via a previously described acetyl-... 

An alternative approach for treating bacterial infections has seen the development of carbohydrate based antibiotics to target carbohydrate receptors and carbohydrate modifying enzymes [6]. 

The coupling of trimethylaluminium and terminal acetylenes promoted by C()2ZrCl2] has been successfully employed in a carbohydrate-based synthesis of the goldinonolactone intermediate in the total synthesis of the antibiotics aurodox and efrotomycin (Scheme... 

A major achievement in this area has been the completion of a carbohydrate-based synthesis of the spiroacetal-polyether antibiotic salinomycin (see Vol.21. 

A batch process is customary for producing antibiotics. Submerged culture is used to propagate fungus with suitable carbohydrate resources. This assumption is based on simplicity in calculations and the normal use of penicillin in die pharmaceutical industry. Assume we... 

Biochemical tests are usually performed after pure cultures have been obtained. The standard indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate, and litmus milk tests may be used to show important physiological characteristics. To study the functional diversity of bacteria, the utilization of carbohydrates, amines, amides, carboxylic acids, amino acids, polymers, and other carbon and nitrogen sources can be tested.28 Dilution-based most-probable number (MPN) techniques with phospholipid fatty acids as biomarkers have been employed for studying different bacterial species in lakes.40 The patterns of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from natural waters have been useful for identifying sources of water pollution.34... 

It is believed that introducing diversity either into the carbohydrate or the heterocyclic moieties of nucleosides (e.g. methylated bases) leads to gifted molecules with therapeutical potential in RNA duplex,138 or in the bacteria world as new antibiotics.98,101,102,139... 

Treatment cf these disease states may be based on vaccination or drugs. In some cases, e.g. swine dysentery, no vaccines are available, so antibiotic treatment is essential. Antibiotic administration may be prophylactic or therapeutic with pigs, in particular, agents to control dysentery are routinely added to feedstuff or drinking water. The route of administration may also be highly important. For instance, in ruminants the preferred mode is injection, e.g. parenterally. The oral route, which introduces antibiotics directly into the rumen, may upset the delicate balance of rumen bacteria which are necessary to ferment carbohydrates to fatty acids — an essential component of the energy supply of ruminants. 

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