Carbohydrates resources

A batch process is customary for producing antibiotics. Submerged culture is used to propagate fungus with suitable carbohydrate resources. This assumption is based on simplicity in calculations and the normal use of penicillin in die pharmaceutical industry. Assume we... 

The use of prolonged starvation for treatment of obesity has posed a fascinating problem that man is capable of fasting for periods of time beyond which he would have used all his carbohydrate resources and all his protein for gluconeogenesis in order to provide adequate calories as glucose for the central nervous system. 

Carbohydrate resources. Carbohydrate resourees, sueh as hydrolyzed stareh and suerose as well as xylose and glueose, ean be proeessed into hydroearbons in a proeess similar to the one performed with bio-oils as described above (section 3.2.2), i.e. by using a HZSM-5 catalyst operated at around 510 °C and ambient pressure." This process is perhaps a little surprising since carbohydrates do not resemble the desired hydrocarbon product as much as the bio-oils do. However, formation of hydrocarbon compounds was found to occur as a result of oxygen removal from the carbohydrate by decarbonylation and decarboxylation reactions." This process is probably one of the first attempts to conduct catalytic cracking of biomass. 

Scheme 10. Artificial metabolism for the in situ preparation of DHAP from regenerable carbohydrate resources...

The carbohydrate resources of cod, during experimental refeeding after severe starvation, increase to values many times higher than in cod fed continuously throughout the experiment the overshoot phenomenon ... 

The pH of the muscle 24 h after death gives a good measure of the carbohydrate resources of the fish at the point of death (Black and Love, 1988). This is now easy to measure at sea. 

Glycogen, stored in the livers and cells of animals, is the main carbohydrate resource for animals. The molecule is built up of a large number of monosaccharide units by glucoside links. It is insoluble in water and gives a pink color upon reaction with iodine. It is broken down in the digestive system to give glucose and maltose. 

In anticipation of a more balanced discussion on renewable and fossil resources for surfactants a consensus on the coexistence of petrochemically derived products and products based on, for instance, oils, fats, and carbohydrates can be predicted. 

Some of the potential uses of the fats and oils found in plants have been reviewed and some uses of carbohydrate-based polymers briefly discussed. Plants contain a whole variety of other chemicals including amino acids, terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc. When the potential for these naturally occurring materials are combined with the secondary products that can be obtained by fermentation or other microbial processes or by traditional chemical transformations, the array of chemicals that can readily be created from renewable resources is huge. In this section a few of the more interesting examples are considered. 

Looking into the future, we expect that hydrogenation reactions will also be tremendously important for the conversion of renewable resources. Going from carbohydrates to valuable chemicals will require deoxygenating reactions. Thus, hydrogenation of alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids will become very important topics. 

P is crucial for several aspects of plant metabolism, especially the energy and sugar metabolism, and several enzymatic reactions, including photosynthesis. Plants have therefore developed mechanisms for the uptake and efficient use of P. Maize plants recycled N quicker from old to young tissue when P is deficient, leading to earlier leaf senescence (Usuda 1995). P-deficient plants invest more resources into root development and therefore have an increased root-to-shoot biomass ratio compared to well-nourished plants. Furthermore, they accumulate more carbohydrates in leaves and allocate more carbon to the roots (Hermans et al. 2006). 

Combinatorial chemistry has provided new ways for the pharmaceutical industry and for academic researchers to address specific problems in a time- and resource-efficient manner. Given the involvement of specific oligosaccharide structures in signal transduction processes, combinatorial carbohydrate libraries are... 

Converting renewable feedstocks into a mixture of products that can be used as such in the synthesis or formulation of end-products. This approach is widely used in food and feed industries where there is no requirement to prepare specific molecules from bio-resources but rather mixtures of triglycerides, carbohydrates and proteins. 

The development of surfactants based on carbohydrates and oils is the result of a product concept based on the exclusive use of renewable resources. In industry, saccharose (sucrose), glucose and sorbitol, which are available in large amounts and at attractive prices, are used as the preferred carbohydrate raw materials. 

CARS. See California Air Resources Board Carbohydrates, effect of ozone on, 352 Carbon dioxide, effect on plants sensitivity to oxidants, 487 Carbon monoxide... 

Many related variables effect both nutrition and marine resource development in the Pacific. A number of factors have contributed to a change in traditional dietary patterns, to different agricultural and fishing practices, and to a dependence on imported foodstuffs. Food preferences, particularly for refined carbohydrates, have... 

This is the most economical process to produce ethanol, but laws prohibit drinking synthetic ethanol so beverages are made much more expensively by fermentation of sugar or carbohydrates. Recent laws also mandate the addition of 10% ethanol in gasoline in cities during the winter, supposedly to reduce pollution. However, grain processors lobbied to require renewable resources so fermentation is required to produce this fuel alcohol. 

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