Commercial alcohol

Alcohol amination Alcoholates Alcohol, commercial Alcohol dehydrogenase... 

Commercial Alcoholic beverages Sauerkraut Pickles Cheeses Lactic acid Various yeasts, molds, and bacteria L. plantatum plus other bacteria L. plantaixim plus other bacteria Propionibacteria, molds, and possibly many other microorganisms Two lactobacillus species... 

Butylcyclohexanol has been prepared from />-/-butylphenol by reduction under a variety of conditions.3 4 Winstein and Holness5 prepared the pure trans alcohol from the commercial alcohol by repeated crystallization of the acid phthalate followed by saponification of the pure trans ester. Eliel and Ro 6 obtained 4-f-butylcyclohexanol containing 91% of the trans isomer by lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the ketone. Iliickel and Kurz 7 reduced />-/-butylphenol with platinum oxide in acetic acid and then separated the isomers by column chromatography. 

Shedlovsky et al. studied mixtures of sodium decyl, dodecyl, and tetradecyl sulfates by electromotive force measurements and determined the extent of the dissociation of the sodium counterions by the micelles. From the data obtained strong interaction below the CMC was found for all of the mixtures except those containing more than 25 mol % of sodium decyl sulfate [122]. Commercial alcohol sulfates are mixtures of homologs with different hydrocarbon chains. It has been demonstrated [123] that the CMC of such products is lower than that expected by calculation from the linear relationship between log CMC and the number of carbon atoms of the alcohol as stated in Eq. (11). These results are shown in Fig. 9. 

Czichocki et al. [134] determined the wetting power of several pure and commercial alcohol ether sulfates. The values obtained for pure substances are shown in Table 26. As expected, shorter alkyl chain alcohol ether sulfates are better wetting agents than those having longer alkyl chains. 

There are many other commercial alcohols besides methanol. This chapter treats the ones traded in the largest volumes ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), normal butyl alcohol (NBA), 2-ethyl hexanol (2-EH) and li4-butanediol (BDO). 

Ethanol is a colourless liquid with boiling point 351 K. It is used as a solvent in paint Industry and in the preparation of a number of carbon compounds. The commercial alcohol is made unfit for drinking by mixing in it some copper sulphate (to give it a colour) and p n idine (a foul smelling liquid). It is known as denaturation of alcohol. 

G— Commercial Hydrocarbon Fractionation Column —Commercial Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Fractionation Column H—Commercial Alcohol Fractionation X—Laboratory Fractionation of Ethyl Alcohol B—Mieoellaneoue... 

Pentanol-2 is now manufactured on a large scale from petroleum. As the quality of the commercial alcohol varies, the product should be distilled before use and the proper fraction... 

Artificial products, obtained by addition of aromatic substances to commercial alcohol, may however be recognised, as they contain little or no hydrocyanic acid and are rich in benzaldehyde. Kirschwasser and similar spirits are prepared, although rarely, from alcohol and bitter almond or cherry laurel water and in such cases hydrocyanic acid is present. Artificial products are generally prepared from rectified alcohol and thus have a low coefficient of impurity and contain only very small amounts of higher alcohols. 

Commercial butyl alcohol is dried by distillation through a i-m. column and the portion boiling at 117.5 118.5° is used. The ordinary commercial alcohol is usually sufficiently pure so that the bulk of the alcohol remaining in the flask after the temperature at the top of the column reaches 117° need not be distilled but may be used directly for the reduction. 

Carefully pour this solution and precipitate through a common coffee Biter. Wash the jar out withasplashof commercial alcohol... 

The general method for purification is careful fractional distillation of the commercial alcohol, which is best carried out at reduced pressure with the exclusion of air. 

The Blue Ribbon Sour Mash Company plans to make commercial alcohol by a process shown in Fig. P5.25. Grain mash is fed through a heat exchanger where it is heated to 170°F. The alcohol is removed as 60% by weight alcohol from the first fractionating column the bottoms contain no alcohol. The 60% alcohol is further fractionated to 95% alcohol and essentially pure water in the second column. Both stills operate at a 3 1 reflux ratio and heat is supplied to the bottom of the columns by steam. Condenser water is obtainable at 80 F. The operating data and physical properties of the streams have been accumulated and are listed for convenience ... 

Benzoic acid is obtainable in primary-standard purity and can be used for the standardization of bases. Because its solubility in water is limited, this reagent is ordinarily dissolved in ethanol prior to dilution with water and titration. A blank should always be carried through this standardization because commercial alcohol is sometimes slightly acidic. 

H— Commercial alcohol fractionation X - Laboratory fractionation of ethyl alcohol - Miscellaneous... 

Molasses.—Both beet and cane sugar niolasses arc used for the manufacture of commercial alcohol tire former arc sterilized by sightly acidifying the diluted molasses and boiling the solution. 

O—Commercial hydrocarbon fractionation column A—Commercial chlorinated hydro-carbon fractionation column -1—Commercial alcohol fractionation X—Laboratory fractionation of ethyl alcohol —Miscellaneous ... 

One commercial plant82 founded on the work of J. H. James has been built at Nyack, New York, to manufacture Aldehol, a commercial alcohol denaturant. This plant having a capacity of 4,000 gallons of kerosene per day was so designed that heavier fractions such as gas oil or spindle oil could also be used for experimental purposes. 

The proportion of these ions also depends on electron energy. The break-up pattern of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) contains all the ions that also appear in electron impact ionization of methanol (CH3OH), therefore it is nearly impossible to quantify trace amounts of methanol in commercial alcoholic products by conventional mass spectrometry. 

Commercial alcohol always contains H,0, and when pure or absolute alcohol is required, the commercial product must be mixed with some hygroscopic aoud substance, such as quicklime, from which it is distill after having remained in contact twenty-four hours. 

A o a Commercial Chlorinated hydrocarbon fractionation column 4- Commercial alcohol fractionation... 

It is important that commercial alcohol 95-96% is first distilled in a packed colunrn to 99.5% and passed through a molecular sieve to make the alcohol bone dry. The reacted mass is then distilled under vacuum in glass lined well stirred vessels to produce DES of international grade. 

Salt and alkali solutions were prepared from reagent grade chemicals. The anionic surfactant used was Neodol 25-3S, a commercial alcohol ethoxysulfate obtained from Shell Chemical Company as a 60 wt% active solution. The nonionic surfactant examined was Triton X-100, obtained from J.T. Baker Inc. as a 100 wt% active solution. 

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