Immunization experiments, animal

Animal immunization experiments clearly showed that antibodies produced in a host challenged by an antigen are heterogeneous in specificity and affinity, and in magnitude (Figure 10.2). Furthermore... 

These results show that the covalently crosslinked Adjuvax formulations were superior to the physically entrapped Adjuvax formulations. In addition, the Adjuvax crosslinked formulations were as effective in stimulating antibody titers as Freund s Adjuvant. Furthermore, animals immunized with Adjuvax did not experience local inflammatory reactions or granuloma formation which was observed with all CFA/IFA immunized animals. 

Immunoglobulin preparations are concentrated protein solutions derived from the pooled plasma of adults or animals. They contain specific antibodies in proportion to the infectious and immunization experience of the population from whose plasma they are prepared (1). Large numbers of donors (at least 1000 donors per lot of final product) are used, in order to ensure inclusion of a broad spectrum of antibodies. Intravenous immunoglobulin is also derived from the pooled plasma of adults, but the alcohol-fractionation procedure is modified to a product suitable for intravenous use. The use of intravenous immunoglobulins in selected immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases has been reviewed (2). 

Using peptides of the gastrin hormone family as model antigens these uncontrolled effects were fully confirmed in our laboratory (48,52). In fact, gastrin/BSA conjugates prepared in conventional manner by the water-soluble carbodiimide led in animal-dependent manner to antibodies of differentiated specificity in full agreement with results from other laboratories where immunization experiments were usually performed on a larger number of animals to obtain in a "trial and error" manner antisera of the desired specificity (53-55). 

Apart from their prebiotic effects, there is also evidence that HMOS act as receptor analogues to inhibit the adhesion of pathogens on the epithelial surface (22) and interact directly with human immune cells (23) as well as with animal immune cells in preclinical experiments (24,25). 

As mentioned above, the liposome-embedded hemes are promising as an artificial blood in many ways, but they are not yet usable as substitutes for the red blood cell in living animals. Trats conducted in rodents showed that the liposome/heme indeed transports oxygen in vivo, but only for several hours After that, the animals died, presumably because of a severe immune system reaction in the animal. Further experiments are being carried out by our group to try to overcome that problem. 

Very few animal protection experiments have been reported for this one can only surmise that the war is responsible. In an early paper (230) they reported that mice immunized with a casein-1,2 5, 6-dibenzanthracene antigen were less susceptible to the carcinogenic action of the free hydrocarbon. 

Thus, the tetravalency, anti-inflammatory properties and molecular stability of slgA make it particularly suitable for protective passive immunity when applied to mucosal surfaces. To date, the clinical evaluation of slgA protection in humans and animal models has been very limited. Indeed most studies have employed monomeric IgA monoclonal antibodies [3,15]. Hence, differences in IgA and IgG protective activities at the mucosal level have often not been observed [15]. Only a few studies have demonstrated the superior activity of polymeric IgA or slgA compared with monomeric IgG or IgA [16]. In order to determine the efficacy of slgA, future animal experiments and clinical trials are needed to compare the activities of IgG monoclonal antibodies and their slgA counterparts. The ability to engineer slgAs in plants will allow these comparisons to be made [17]. 

Some of the polyclonal antibodies or the antibodies produced by the animal before the immunization might cause unspecific bindings. To control this, it is important to obtain a preimmune bleed from the same animal. The preimmune serum should also be used as a guide in the initial experiments to determine the dilution of the antibody, and later on... 

Immunological Effects. No data on immunotoxicity of mirex in were located. The only information about the immunological effects of mirex exposure in animals was provided by one acute oral study in rats in which decrease spleen weight was reported (Buelke-Sam et al. 1983). Thus, it is uncertain whether persons exposed to mirex at hazardous waste sites might experience adverse effects on the immune system. 

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