Animal hulls

The main by-products from the malting industry are malt sprouts, cleanout material, and small-kernel barley. Malt sprouts are primarily dried malt rootiets, containing 24—26% protein, 2—3% fat, and 12—14% fiber. Since the protein is readily available, malt sprouts are used in various animal feed blends. Occasionally, malt hulls and barley chaff are blended with malt sprouts. The remainder of the cleanout material and small kernel barley is sold as feed. 

Antigalactogogue effect. Dried kernel, administered to cows at a concentration of 50% of diet, was inactive . Antihypercholesterolemic activity. Seeds, administered orally to 20 adults with mild hypercholesterolemia at a dose of 5.1 g/day for 40 days, reduced LDL cholesterol by 8% and total cholesterol by 6% . Dried seed fiber, in the ration of Syrian hamster at a dose of 7.5% of diet, was active . Dried seed fiber, administered orally to adults at a dose of 10.2 g/day, was active . Dried seed fiber, administered orally to 50 healthy children 2 to 11 years of age at a dose of 6.4 g/ day for 12 weeks, was active The hydro-phobic colloid of the dried seed, administered in the ration of sea quails at a dose of 10% of diet, was active vs diet-inducing hypercholesterolemia . The seed hull, administered in the ration of genetically diabetic mice at a dose of 2.5% of diet for 18 weeks, was active. Total cholesterol was lower, and HDL-cholesterol higher in psyllium-fed than in placebo-fed animals . The seed hull, administered orally to 286... 

Hypoglycemic activity. Seed administered orally to 18 patients with noninsulin-depen-dent diabetes at a dose of 13.6 g/day in two equal doses lowered glucose level by 14 % after breakfast and 20% after dinner ° . Seed hull, administered to mice at a dose of 2.5% of the diet for 18 weeks, produced a transient decrease in 10 weeks in psyllium-fed animals relative to placebo-fed animals . 

Weight increase. Seed hull, administered in ration of mice at a concentration of 2.5% of diet for 18 weeks, was active. No differences in psyllium-fed and placebo-fed groups in both diabetic and normal animals were found . ... 

TAs one might predict, mutations in the genes for the subunits of the PDH complex, or a dietaiy thiamine deficiency, can have severe consequences. Thiamine-deficient animals are unable to oxidize pyruvate normally. This is of particular importance to the brain, which usually obtains all its energy from the aerobic oxidation of glucose in a pathway that necessarily includes the oxidation of pyruvate. Beriberi, a disease that results from thiamine deficiency, is characterized by loss of neural function. This disease occurs primarily in populations that rely on a diet consisting mainly of white (polished) rice, which lacks the hulls in which most of the thiamine of rice is found. People who habitually consume large amounts of alcohol can also develop thiamine deficiency, because much of their dietaiy intake consists of the vitamin-free empty calories of distilled spirits. An elevated level of pyruvate in the blood is often an indicator of defects in pyruvate oxidation due to one of these causes. ... 

Mitaru, B.N., Blair, R., Bell, J.M. and Reichert, R.D. (1982) Tannin and fibre contents of rapeseed and canola hulls. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 62,661-663. 

Presland, 1C B., Boggess, D., Lewis, S. P., Hull, C., Fleckman, P. and Sundberg, J. P. (2000) Loss of normal profilaggrin and filaggiin in flaky tail (ft/ft) mice an animal model for the filaggrin-deficient skin disease ichthyosis vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 115, 1072-1081. 

We describe the potential ethanol yield from almond hulls and whey, but we do not consider these materials for use in the ethanol facility. The technology exists to process almond hulls and whey for ethanol, while retaining their value as animal feed, but that activity requires an additional capital investment that is beyond the scope of this study. 

It may be possible to use the sugar in almond hulls for ethanol production, while leaving the protein for use by animals. Research and investments may be required to develop a suitable production process and some time and effort may be required for market development. We recommend further study of the potential use of almond hulls for ethanol production in California. 

The market price of whey used as animal feed is 340/1 (7). As with almond hulls, it may be possible to utilize the sugar in whey for ethanol production, while enabling the protein in the byproduct to be used for animal feed. Hence, the net feedstock cost of whey in ethanol production may be less than 340/t of whey. Further research on the potential of expanding the use of whey as an ethanol feedstock would be helpful in evaluating the viability of this alternative. 

A major fraction of paddy rice is the hull. The hull is non-digestible, fibrous and abrasive in character, and has a low bulk density and a high ash content, ft is used only in limited, low-value applications, such as in animal feed, in chicken litter, as a juice pressing aid and as fuel.15... 

The conversion of animal hides into leather by treatment with water-soluble plant extractives has been practiced since antiquity. This process became known as tanning and obviously involved the reaction of a naturally occurring extractive, tannin, with the protein in the hide. We now know, of course, that tannins comprise a whole spectrum of chemical compounds, but generally they are polyphenolic and polymeric. Tannins have been isolated from a wide variety of raw materials, including insect galls, fruit skins, seed hulls, leaves, bark, and heartwood. Indeed, tannins are of nearly ubiquitous occurrence in higher orders... 

Cotton (Figure 1.1) is the most important natural textile fiber, as well as cellulosic textile fiber, in the world, used to produce apparel, home furnishings, and industrial products. Worldwide about 40% of the fiber consumed in 2004 was cotton [1]. (See also Table 9.1 World Production of Textile Fibers on page 130.) Cotton is grown mostly for fiber but it is also a food crop (cottonseed)—the major end uses for cottonseeds are vegetable oil for human consumption whole seed, meal, and hulls for animal feed and linters for batting and chemical cellulose. 

In addition to the various markets for cotton lint, there are also markets for cottonseed and its products [616]. Cottonseed represents about 15-20% of the total value of cotton. Vegetable oil for human consumption, whole cottonseed, meal, hulls for animal feed, and linters for batting and chemical cellulose are the major end uses for cottonseed [616]. 

The fatty material in the neutralized liquor may be skimmed off by passing the liquor slowly through deep tanks provided with a weir that diverts it to another location. There, it is added to the protein and other components of the corn hull to make animal-feed by-products. 

Around 23 million tormes of cottonseeds and their derivatives are fed to animals every year. This comprises 6.8 million tonnes of whole cottonseeds, and 16.4 million tonnes of cottonseed hulls and meal by-products of the extraction of cottonseed oil. These materials are rich in energy protein, fibre, and minerals such as potassium, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus, and can represent as much as 25% of a dairy herds total nutritive ration. ... 

A typical cottonseed crushing operation will separate the seed into oil [160 kg/t (320 Ibs/t)], hulls [260 kg/t (540 Ibs/t)], meal [455 kg/t (910 Ibs/t)], and linters [83.5 kg/t (167 Ibs/t)] (1). The hulls and meal are sources of vegetable protein feed for animals and the linters are used as a chemical cellulose source in personal care products, in batting for upholstered furniture and mattresses, and in high-quality paper (2). 

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