Water-soluble plants

Ammonium Phosphate. Ammonium phosphate, a concentrated water-soluble plant food, is produced by reacting ammonia and phosphoric acid. The resultant slurry is dried, stored, and shipped to marketing. 

FIGURE 11.24 Leaching (a) Standard pieces of different trees leach out different amounts of phenolics and other compounds. During 24 hours, red maple and witch hazel (left) stain water a darker brown than willow and quaking aspen (right), (b) and (c) Beavers leave pieces of branches in the water for 1-3 days with some or all bark intact before eating the bark. This presumably leaches out water-soluble plant secondary compounds. 

Schoch GA, Attias R, Belghazi M, et al. Engineering of a water-soluble plant cytochrome P450, CYP73A1, and NMR-based orientation of natural and alternate substrates in the active site. Plant Physiol 2003 133 1198-1208. 

Hydrosols (or hydrolat or floral water) comprise the water collected from distillation of plant material used to extract essential oils. They contain water-soluble plant extracts and usually contain a tiny proportion of the essential oil. Their properties are often similar to those of the corresponding essential oil, but owing to their dilute nature they are considered to be gentler. 

The conversion of animal hides into leather by treatment with water-soluble plant extractives has been practiced since antiquity. This process became known as tanning and obviously involved the reaction of a naturally occurring extractive, tannin, with the protein in the hide. We now know, of course, that tannins comprise a whole spectrum of chemical compounds, but generally they are polyphenolic and polymeric. Tannins have been isolated from a wide variety of raw materials, including insect galls, fruit skins, seed hulls, leaves, bark, and heartwood. Indeed, tannins are of nearly ubiquitous occurrence in higher orders... 

Anthocyanins are water-soluble plant pigments responsible for the blue, purple, and red color of many plant tissues. The analysis of anthocyanins has become particularly important because of the numerous studies dealing with their potential health effects (Chen et al., 2009 Galvano et al., 2009 Varadinova et al., 2009 Woodward et al., 2009 de Pascual-Teresa et al., 2010 Knaup et al., 2009 Kokotkiewicz et al., 2010 Krikorian et al., 2010 Takikawa et al., 2010). However, the many different structures of anthocyanins and their complex chemistry have provided challenges in their analysis. 

Polyuronides may be defined as polysaccharides that contain one or more uronic acid units in their molecular structures. They have a frequent and wide occurrence in nature. Much of the carbohydrate material in plants belongs to the group. It includes all pectic materials and plant gums and many plant mucilages, hemicelluloses and gel-forming substances and some microbial polysaccharides. These substances are to be looked for in water-soluble plant exudates and mucilages, as well as in water and alkaline extracts of most plant materials. This review will be limited to the polyuronides occurring in plants. 

CAS 9000-30-0. A water-soluble plant mucilage obtained from the ground endosperms of Cyanopsis tetragonoloba, cultivated in India and Pakistan as livestock feed, as well as in southwestern U.S. The water-soluble portion of the flour (85%) is called guaran and consists of 35% galactose, 63% mannose, probably combined in a polysaccharide, and 5-7% protein. 

Water-Soluble Starches, Gums, Cellulose Derivatives, and Synthetic Polymers. Water-soluble plant starches and gums have historically been used as glues and should be reversible. Some of the modern water-soluble polymers (e.g., cellulose ethers and esters and soluble nylon) should also be reversible. 

Water-Soluble Proteins. Historically, several water-soluble plant and animal proteins have been used as adhesives, both industrially and in conservation work. Currently, only the milk-based casein products are in significant industrial use. Casein glues have also been used in conservation work, but formulations designed for high water resistance could be difficult to reverse. Plant proteins, especially those from legumes such as soybeans and peanuts, have been used industrially, some until fairly recently. Presumably at least some forms of plant protein glues would be reversible enough to be of interest to conservators. 

Schock et have engineered a water-soluble plant cyt P450 for improved properties with respect to purification and solubility. Proton NMR relaxation was used to characterize the orientation of the substrate (cinnamic acid) with respect to the heme to better understand the reason for selective hydroxylation of the substrate. 

Dorato S (1987) Water soluble plant extracts in cosmetics. Cosmetics Toiletries i02 7oa-73... 

Anthocyanins, which are responsible for the colors of flowers and fruits of higher plants, are the most important group of water-soluble plant pigments. The anthocyanin... 

Gum acacia is one of the most water-soluble plant gums one part acacia can dissolve in two parts water, forming a weakly acidic solution with pH 4.5-5.5. Its solutions have lower viscosities than those of other natural gums. It is insoluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and oils and very slightly soluble in glycerol and propylene glycol. It is almost odorless and has a bland mucilaginous taste. 

Anthocyanins Red, blue, and violet water-soluble plant pigments of a phenolic nature. 

The sap of the Japanese, lacquer tree consists of a water/ oil emulsion, the "oily" or urushi-ol fraction (about 65%) and an aqueous fraction (35%) which contains water-soluble plant gums and polysaccharides as well as small amounts of enzymes. Urushi-... 

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