Cottonseed hulls

Some common flake-shaped LCMs consist of shredded cellophane and paper, mica (qv), rice hulls, cottonseed hulls, or laminated plastic. These materials He flat across the opening to be sealed or are wedged into an opening such as a fracture. Some are sufficiently strong to withstand considerable differential pressure, whereas others are weak and the seal may be broken easily. Weaker flake materials typically are used near the surface or in combination with fibrous or granular additives. 

Xyhtol is synthesized by reduction of D-xylose catalyticahy (40), electrolyticahy (41), and by sodium amalgam (42). D-Xylose is obtained by hydrolysis of xylan and other hemiceUulosic substances obtained from such sources as wood, com cobs (43), almond shells, hazelnuts, or oHve waste (44). Isolation of xylose is not necessary xyhtol results from hydrogenation of the solution obtained by acid hydrolysis of cottonseed hulls (45). 

Aqueous extracts of cotton dust and cotton bract induced the formation of specific precipitating antibodies in rabbits. The antisera cross-reacted with both extracts as well as with extracts of cotton stem, leaf, and burr, baled cotton and gin trash. Cross-reactivity was also demonstrated with extracts of flax, soft hemp, sisal, and jute. No antigen-antibody reaction was obtained with extracts of cottonseed hulls, cottonseed proteins, noncontami-nated cotton lint, or house dust. No reaction was obtained between the antisera to dust and several connmercial preparations of bacterial lipopolysac-charides believed to be present in cotton dust. 

Preparation of Other Antigenic Materials. Cotton plant tissues (stem, leaf, burr), cotton gin trash, baled cotton, clean cotton lint, both hand picked in the field and from plants grown in the greenhouse, cottonseed proteins, cottonseed hulls, house dust, and flax, soft hemp, sisal, and jute fibers, were extracted with deionized water. The purification process was, however, stopped to correspond to f-3 (see Figure 1). 

There have been reports of reactions between house dust and cotton dust antibodies (38) and of allergens in cottonseed proteins by Spies et al T39). Also, byssinosis is uncommon in cottonseed crushing mills. Therefore we looked for the presence of antigens in water extracts of house dust, cottonseed hulls, cottonseed kernel proteins and clean hand picked cotton fibers that had not been baled. The results in Figure 5 indicate that house dust does not contain antigens common to those found in cotton dust. 

Among the dopes used may be cited the following combustibles colophony (used by Nobel in his Dynamites of 1869 1873) (Vol 3 of Encycl, p C403R) wood-meal, woodpulp and sawdust in Grisounite and in some Amer Dynamites cork,charcoal (in "Carbodynamite , described in Ref 60, p C52-L) naphthalene (in Rheinischdynamit) and cotton or other forms of cellulose (in "Forcites ). Less frequently have been used peat moss, ivoty nut meal, unbaked com flakes, starch, pulverised peanut hull, pulverized cottonseed hulls and sunflower seed shells... 

Furfural is obtained commercially by mealing pentosan-rich ugricullural residues (corncobs, oat hulls, cottonseed hulls, hagasse. rice hulls) with a dilute acid and removing the furfural by steam distillation. Major industrial uses of furfuraldehyde include (1) the production of t urnns and tetrahydrofurans where the compound is an intermediate (2) Ihc solvent refining of petroleum and rosin products (3) the solvent binding of bonded phenolic products and (4) the extractive distillation of butadiene from other C4 hydrocarbons. 

Around 23 million tormes of cottonseeds and their derivatives are fed to animals every year. This comprises 6.8 million tonnes of whole cottonseeds, and 16.4 million tonnes of cottonseed hulls and meal by-products of the extraction of cottonseed oil. These materials are rich in energy protein, fibre, and minerals such as potassium, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus, and can represent as much as 25% of a dairy herds total nutritive ration. ... 

A number of alternative uses for cottonseed meal exist. Adhesive and fiber production have used cottonseed meal as a protein source. Plastics that contain cottonseed meal in equal parts with cottonseed hulls and phenolic resin have excellent flow properties, a short curing cycle, water resistance, and strength (50). 

Cottonseed Hulls. Hulls are used as roughage in animal feed and as mulch and soil conditioner. Additional uses for cottonseed hulls include fuel, insulation, and a xylose and furfural source. Raffinose derived from cottonseed hulls is used in culture media (50). 

Corncobs and com stalks Cottonseed hulls Distillery waste Fish... 

Fat. Fats tend to depress the cellulolytic activity of rumen microorganisms. For example 3% of com oil was sufficient to depress the digestibility of crude fiber in rations high in com cobs and cottonseed hulls, and 10% com oil produced a pronounced depression (42). Addition of alfalfa ash offset this effect when com oil did not exceed 5%... 

Trial 2. Two lots of eight lambs each were used to determine the value of dried HC as a roughage. The basal ration contained 10% cottonseed hulls, com, urea, minerals, Aureomycin and stilbestrol. The ration was calculated to supply 12.5% protein, 0.4% calcium, 0.3% phosphorus, 0.6% potassium, and 3.0% fat In the test ration, 8% dried hemicellulose and 0.15% urea were substituted for 5% hulls and 3.15% com. 

Trial 3. Twelve percent of dried LHC replaced ten percent of cottonseed hulls in a fattening ration for lambs. The remaining ingredients were similar to those used in Trial 2. 

In both direct comparisons, the lambs fed hemicellulose gained faster and more efficiently than those fed cottonseed hulls. Representative carcasses are shown in Figure 1. It is obvious that the hemicellulose fed lambs are equal or superior to the controls. 

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