And human reproduction

B. H. Vickery and B. Luneneld, GnRH Analogs in Cancer and Human Reproduction, Kluwer Academic, Lancaster, UK, 1989. 

Recently, CD52 glycopeptide 17 with an acid-labile fucosidic linkage was also prepared by this new method (Scheme 4). CD52 is a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored glycopeptide that plays an important role in the human immune system (29,30) and human reproduction process (31-33). 

This step involves combining information from the review of animal and human reproductive and developmental toxicity data with information from the review of general toxicity, pharmacokinetic, and exposure data. A weight-of-evidence approach is used to formulate judgments about potential hazards to humans. Three separate judgments should be developed one each to address developmental toxicity, female reproductive toxicity, and male reproductive toxicity. 

E.M. Scarpelli, Proc. Intern. Symp. Perinatal Medicine and Human Reproduction,... 

Cohn, Barbara A Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA Prenatal organochlorine exposure and human reproduction NIEHS... 

Magnesium deficiency has also been implicated in both animal and human reproduction problems. A review of the importance of Mg in reproduction has been given by Stolkowski (1977). 

Eskes, T.K., 2000. Homocysteine and human reproduction. Clinical c6 Experimental Obstetrics Gynaecology. 27 157-167. 

Tamura, T., and Picdano, M.F., 2006. Folate and human reproduction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 83 993-1016. 

A number of xenobiotic substances called exogenous estrogens are thought to have adverse effects on animal and human reproductive systems by mimicking or interfering with the action of estrogens (such as those in female sex hormone) and may cause disorders of the reproductive tract and effects such as reduced sperm... 

A class of toxic substances that are thought to adversely affect animal and human reproductive systems by mimicking or interfering with the action... 

Animal and Human Toxicity. The acute toxicity of lindane depends on the age, sex, and animal species, and on the route of adrninistration. The oral LD q in mice, rats, and guinea pigs is 86, 125—230, and 100—127 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, most of the other isomers were considerably more toxic (94,95). Some of the other toxic responses caused by lindane in laboratory animals include hepato- and nephotoxicity, reproductive and embryotoxicity, mutagenicity in some short-term in vitro bioassays, and carcinogenicity (80). The mechanism of the lindane-induced response is not known. Only minimal data are available on the mammalian toxicides of hexachlorocyclopentadiene. 

R. E. McConnell, iu M. H. Briggs and E. Dic2falusy eds.. Pharmacological Models in Contraceptive development, WHO Research and Training Center on Human Reproduction, 1974, p. 375. 

Compounds Affecting Rq>roduction Compounds that can affect reproductive function include several drugs and occupationally important chemicals such as solvents and pesticides as well as a number of environmentally relevant com-fxrunds. A group of chemical compounds that has received much attention recently is endocrine disrupters, many of which are halogenated hydrocarbons, e.g., PCBs. These are known to induce feminization in fish and other animal species.1.5/ There is intense debate about the significance of these compounds to human health. Tobacco smoke and ethyl alcohol also have major effects on human reproduction, the effects of alcohol being especially important. Table 5.17 lists compounds that may disturb the functions of female and male reproductive functions. 

OTR is also expressed in male reproductive tissues, like testis, epididymis and in the prostate. OT increases the resting tone of prostatic tissue from guinea pig, rat, dog and human. The activation of these receptors could lead to the contraction of the prostate and the resulting expulsion of prostatic secretions during ejaculation. 

M ale and female hormones play a vital role because they aid in development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics and are necessary for human reproduction. Although hormones are naturally produced by die body, administration of a male or female hormone may be indicated in the treatment of certain disorders, such as inoperable breast cancer, male hypogonadism, and male or female hormone deficiency. Hormones also are used as contraceptives and for treating the symptoms of menopause... 

Hauser, R., Meeker, J.D., and Singh, N.R et al. (2007). DNA damage in human sperm is related to urinary levels of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. Human Reproduction 22, 688-695. 

SAUNDERS P T, SHARPE R M, WILLIAMS K, MACPHERSON S, URQUART H, IRVINE D S, MILLAR M R (2001) Differential expression of oestrogen receptor alpha and beta proteins in the testes and male reproductive system of human and non-human primates. Mol Hum Reprod. 7 227-36. 

SHARPE R M, MARTIN B, MORRIS K, GREIG I, MCKINNELL, MCNEILLY A S, WALKER M (2002) Infant feeding with soy formula mflk effects on the testis and on blood testosterone levels in marmoset monkeys during the period of neonatal testicular activity. Human Reproduction. 17 1692-1703. 

Data on safety have been obtained from in vitro as well as in vivo animal and human studies (see also Section 10.4). About 50 years ago, Australian farmers observed an infertility syndrome in sheep associated with the consumption of clover species (Bennets et al., 1946). The clover compounds shown to cause the infertility (genistein, daidzein, equol, biochanin A, formononetin) were members of the isoflavone family (Bradbury and White, 1951 Shutt and Braden, 1968), raising the question of whether soy might cause infertility in humans (see also Section 10.4.9). A variety of reports further supported adverse effects of isoflavones on animal reproductive systems (Santell et al., 1997 Flynn et al., 2000a,b). 

Reproductive Effects. There is sufficient qualitative evidence to support the conclusion that at high occupational exposure levels lead has significant adverse effects on human reproduction, including increased incidences of spontaneous abortion, miscarriages, and stillbirths. The mechanisms responsible for these effects are unknown at this time, but many factors may contribute to these results. These factors include indirect effects of lead on maternal nutrition or hormonal status before and during pregnancy to... 

The negative aspects of chemical additives appear to be getting more and more attention in the public debate. Results linking chemical additives to adverse environmental and human health impacts are being produced. But more results are needed. More economic valuation studies are needed to support analysis as well as impact analysis on parameters such as human fertility, animal reproduction and animal productivity. Of big concern for the authors of this chapter is the need to know more about diffuse exposure from the use of products containing chemical additives. 

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