Analysis of chlorinated paraffins

Analysis of Chlorinated Paraffins in Environmental Matrices The Ultimate Challenge for the Analytical Chemist... 

Zencak Z, Oehme M (2006) Recent developments in the analysis of chlorinated paraffins. Trends Analyt Chem 25 310-317... 

Eriden U, Jansson B, Parlar H (2005) Photolytic clean-up of biological sample for gas chromatographic analysis of chlorinated paraffins. Chemosphere 54 1083... 

Koh I-O, Rotard W, Thiemann W (2002) Analysis of chlorinated paraffins in cutting fluids and sealing materials by carbon skeleton reaction gas chromatography. Chemosphere 47 219-227... 

Muller MD, Schmid PP (1984) GC/MS analysis of chlorinated paraffins with negative ion chemical ionization. J High Resolut Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun 7 33-37... 

Kenmochi T, Nishijima M, Yoshioka T (2000) Survey study of environmental contamination of chemicals, analysis of chlorinated paraffins by LC/MS, Okayama Prefectual Institute for Environmental Science and Public Health annual report 2000 10-14 (in Japanese)... 

Remarkably, the class of chlorinated paraffins has not received much attention, while the worldwide production surpasses by far that of PCBs and substantial environmental levels are being reported. The enormous complexity of the mixture with tens of thousands of congeners may be one of the reasons for that. Environmental analysts have been deterred by this complexity, which demands qualitative and quantitative methods at a level beyond the performance characteristics of their instruments. However, now the selectivity and sensitivity of analytical instruments are improving rapidly and have reached performance levels that were previously unthought-of. That brings a reliable analysis of chlorinated paraffins within reach, though it is still not easy. 

This book describes the state-of-the-art methods for synthesis and analysis of chlorinated paraffins. It provides an overview of their worldwide occurrence and impact and describes their toxicological properties. International regulations and production volumes are presented, as well as an example of a risk assessment study that was carried out in Japan. Therefore, this book will be useful not only for environmental scientists who need to study the occurrence and toxicology of chlorinated paraffins in environmental matrices, but also for authorities and producers who could use this book as a valuable and comprehensive source of information. 

The environmental chemistry of chlorinated paraffins was first reviewed in the Handbook of Environmental Chemistry by Zitko [4]. There have been many other reviews, especially for environmental and human exposure assessment, beginning with a report prepared for the US Environmental Protection Agency by Howard et al. [5] and more recently by Mukherjee [6], Environment Canada [2], UK Dept of the Environment [7], the World Health Organization [8], and by Tomy et al. [9], In addition to environmental chemistry aspects, the above reviews have covered the toxicity and bio accumulation of PCAs. This chapter will focus on the recent advances in knowledge of the physical properties, degradation, analysis, and environmental levels of PCAs with special emphasis on the Cio-Cu group. 

Friedman D, Lombardo P (1975) Photochemical technique for the elimination of chlorinated aromatic interferences in the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis for chlorinated paraffins. J Assoc Offic Anal Chem 58 703-706... 

Solvent extraction followed by gas chromatographic analysis is used to determine paraffin wax antioxidants (qv), ie, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene and other volatile materials. Trace amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, eg, polychlorinated biphenyls, can be deterrnined by using a gas chromatograph with an electron-capture detector (22). 

Muir D, Braekevelt E, Tomy G, Whittle M (2002) Analysis of medium chain chlorinated paraffins in Great Lakes food webs and in a dated sediment core from Lake St. Francis in the St. Lawrence River system. Preliminary report to Existing Substances Branch, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec. 9 pp... 

Bayen S, Obbard JP, Thomas GO (2006) Chlorinated paraffins A review of analysis and environmental occurrence. Environ Int 32 915-929... 

Based on the large number of congeners present in CP mixtures and in environmental samples, it is not too surprising that the analysis of CPs can be quite challenging. In fact, Coquery et al. (2005) described the short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) as the most challenging group of substances to analyze and quantify [17]. 

Stejnarova P, Coelhan M, Kostrhounova R, Parlar H, Holoubek I (2005) Analysis of short chain chlorinated paraffins in sediment samples from the Czecg Republic by short-column GC/ECNl-MS. Chemosphere 58 253-262... 

Castells P, Santos EJ, Galceran MT (2003) Solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in water samples. J Chromatogr A 984 1-8... 

Pellizzato F, Ricci M, Held A, Emons H (2007) Analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins a discussion paper. J Envhon Monitor 9 924—930... 

Reth M, Oehme M (2004) Limitations of low resolution mass spectrometry in the electron captme negative iomzation mode for the analysis of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins. Anal Bioanal Chem 378 1741-1747... 

IRDC (International Research and Development Corporation) (1983) In vivo C5dogenetic evaluation by analysis of rat bone marrow cells. Chlorinated paraffins 58% chlorination of short chain length n-paraffins. Mattawan, MI, International Research and Development Corporation, pp 58 (Report No 438-013)... 

While the 15 halogenated POPs and PAHs are best analysed by GC-ECD and GC-MS, many other organic compounds in current use have similar physical properties and can be expected to partition to sediments in aquatic systems although they may be less persistent. The nony 1 phenol ethylate surfactants have been shown to be relatively persistent in sediments. Analysis by HPLC-triple quad MS permitted the ethoxylates and nonyl phenol to be determined simultaneously (Shang et al., 1999). The short and medium chain chlorinated paraffins, which are complex mixtures of C10-C17 chlorinated n-alkanes, have been determined in sediments by GC-high resolution ECNI MS (Tomy et al., 1997, Tomy Stern, 1999) following conventional extraction and cleannp procedures (Fig. 1). 

Figure 4 SPME-GC-ECD chromatogram of a water river sample. Elution time of short-chain chlorinated paraffins is indicated in the chromatogram. Experimental conditions GC column DB-5 (J W Scientific) 30m x 0.25mm ID, 0.25pm film thickness. (Reprinted with permission from Castells P, Santos FJ, and Galceran MT (2003) Solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in water samples. Journal of Chromatography A 984 1-8.)...

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