Amphetamines amphetamine and

Balster, R.L., Schuster, C.R. A comparison of d-amphetamine, /-amphetamine, and methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1 67, 1973. 

In other studies, methylphenidate has been shown to improve subjective mood evaluations in both adults (44) and children (42). A comparison between d-amphetamine, /-amphetamine, and methylphenidate (administered in dosages equimolar to 10 mg or 20 mg) indicated that methylphenidate s euphoric effects were between those found with rf-amphetamine and /-amphetamine (55). In the earlier-mentioned study by Coons et al. (49), methylphenidate increased subjective ratings of concentration and aggression compared to placebo. In the study by Peloquin and Klorman (42), 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate prevented the increased ratings of dysphoria over time, and produced an overall lower dysphoria rating than placebo. In Roehrs et al. (53), methylphenidate (10 mg) remedied the adverse... 

Smith RC, Davis JM. Comparative effects of 4-amphetamine, /-amphetamine, and methylphenidate on mood in man. Psychopharmacology 1977 53 1-12. 

This really crazy looking method is one of them. There are a lot of things about it that make it very attractive. The first is the author of the article Rajender S. Varma. You will see in the Nitropropene section of this book (and in references from many other parts of the book) that this guy has been making a lot of strangely applicable advances in catalysis, amination, and reduction of amphetamines and related compounds. It is uncanny how often Strike has come across this person s work. It is like he is the Shulgin of basic precursor and amphetamine progress. Go figure ... 

Derivatization of primary and secondary amines using 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate to form a nonpolar, uv-absorbing derivative has been reported (90,91). Amphetamine and catecholamine were used as probes to evaluate this procedure. The derivatives were well behaved and allowed separation in a short time. 

Figure 11.14 Analysis of amphetamines by GC-NPD following HS-SPME exti action from human hair (a) Normal hair (b) normal hair after addition of amphetamine (1.5 ng) and methamphetamine (16.1 ng) (c) hair of an amphetamine abuser. Peak identification is as follows 1, a-phenethylamine (internal standard) 2, amphetamine 3, methamphetamine 4, N-propyl-/3-phenethyamine (internal standard). Reprinted from Journal of Chronatography, B 707,1. Koide et ai, Determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in human hair by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas cliromatography with niti ogen-phosphoms detection, pp. 99 -104, copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science.

I. Koide, O. Noguclii, K. Okada, A. Yokoyama, H. Oda, S. Yamamoto and H. Kataoka, Detemination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in human hak by headspace solid-phase microexti action and gas cliromatogi aphy with niti ogen-phosphorus detection , J. Chromatogr. B707 99-104(1998). 

Amphetamine and related compounds are indirect acting sympathomimetic agents that are frequently abused due to their stimulant properties on the central nervous system. Amphetamines act by inducing the... 

Both psychostimulants D-amphetamine and cocaine elevate extracellular dopamine concentrations in the terminal region of midbrain dopamine neurons,... 

Dopaminergic mechanisms within the ventral striatum (i.e., nucleus accumbens) subserve the ability of amphetamine and methylphenidate in low to moderate doses to increase locomotor activity. In contrast, very low dosages in animals seem to cause hypoactivity presumably by stimulation of autoreceptors, a finding that would be compatible with the clinical impression that methylphenidate might be usefiil in some patients with mania. 

Repeated intermittent exposure to stimulants can produce sensitization, where subsequent drag exposures produce increased behavioral and neurochemical responses. The ability of the drag and ultimately of related stimuli to elicit behavior may be increased with repeated administration or intake of the drag. Dopaminergic sensitization within the amygdala has also been found after repeated exposure to amphetamine and this... 

The amphetamine-like properties of trace amines are best described for PEA which shares close structural similarity to amphetamine and can displace monoamine neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles and trigger their release into the synaptic cleft by acting on the dopamine transporter. However, this effect is only observed at high, supra-physiological PEA concentrations and thus might not occur under physiological conditions. 

In addition to direct inhibition of the vesicular transport protein, storage of neurotransmitters can be reduced by dissipation of the proton electrochemical gradient. Bafilomycin (a specific inhibitor of the vacuolar H+-ATPase), as well as the proton ionophores carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and carbonylcyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhy-drazone (FCCP) are used experimentally to reduce the vesicular storage of neurotransmitters. Weak bases including amphetamines and ammonium chloride are used to selectively reduce ApH. 

Examples narcotics such as meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone amphetamines and barbiturates... 

One of the chief adverse reactions associated with the amphetamines and anorexiants is overstimulation of the CNS, which may result in a variety of adverse reactions, including insomnia, tachycardia, nervousness, headache, anorexia, dizziness, and excitement. In some instances, die intensity of diese reactions is dose dependent, but some individuals may experience an intense degree of diese symptoms even widi low doses. Odier individuals experience few symptoms of CNS stimulation. 

The amphetamines and anorexiants are recommended only for short-term use in selected patients for die treatment of exogenous obesity. When used for treatment of children with ADD, long-term use must be followed by gradual wididrawal of the drug. 

The amphetamines and the anorexiants should not be given during or within 14 days after administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (see Chap. 31) because the patient may experience hypertensive crisis and intracranial hemorrhage. When guanethidine is administered with the amphetamines or the anorexiants, the antihypertensive effect of guanethidine may decrease. Coadministration of the amphetamines or the anorexiants with the tricyclic antidepressants may decrease the effects of the amphetamines or the anorexiants. 

Bijlsma L, Sancho JV, Pitarch E, Ibanez M, Hernandez F (2009) Simultaneous ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of amphetamine and amphetamine-like stimulants, cocaine and its metabolites, and a cannabis metabolite in surface water and urban wastewater. J Chromatogr A 1216(15) 3078-3089... 

King GR, Ellinwood EH Amphetamines and other stimulants, in Substance Abuse A Comprehensive Textbook, 3rd Edition. Edited by Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Mill-man RB, et al. Baltimore, MD, Williams Wilkins, 1997, pp 207—233 Klawans HE, Margolin Dl Amphetamine-induced dopaminergic hypersensitivity in guinea pigs implications in psychosis and human movement disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32 725—732, 1975... 

Although nitrite use was initially described among homosexual men who used nitrites in the context of sexual activity, more recently their use has expanded to include heterosexuals. Currently, in addition to being used as sexual enhancers, nitrites are frequently used in combination with amphetamines and ecstasy to accompany high energy dance and music among young... 

The removal of released DA from the synaptic extracellular space to facilitate its intraneuronal metabolism is achieved by a membrane transporter that controls the synaptic concentration. This transporter has been shown to be a 619 amino-acid protein with 12 hydrophobic membrane spanning domains (see Giros and Caron 1993). Although it has similar amino-acid sequences to that of the NA (and GABA) transporter, there are sufficient differences for it to show some specificity. Thus DA terminals will not concentrate NA and the DA transporter is blocked by a drug such as nomifensine which has less effect on NA uptake. Despite this selectivity some compounds, e.g. amphetamine and 6-OHDA (but not MPTP), can be taken up by both neurons. The role of blocking DA uptake in the central actions of cocaine and amphetamine is considered later (Chapter 23). 

To summarize the data in table 1, neither MDMA nor MBDB has hallu-cinogen-like discriminative stimulus properties. Symmetrical transfer of the MDMA and MBDB stimulus indicates that their primary discriminative stimulus effects are very similar. For both MDMA and MBDB, there is enantioselectivity for the S isomer, with about a twofold eudismic ratio. Finally, the substitution of (- )-amphetamine and cocaine in MDMA-trained rats may indicate that MDMA has some psychostimulant-like properties, while hffiDB seems to lack this activity. 

In view of the apparent pleasurable effects of MDMA, it becomes of considerable interest to understand the mechanism of action of substances with a similar effect. Major efforts have been directed toward the study of agents that have an effect on serotonin pathways, since that is the neurotransmitter system that seems most implicated in the mechanism of action of MDMA. This hypothesis is further reinforced by the observation that MDMA substitutes for fenfluramine (Schechter 1986). and fenfluramine substitutes for MBDB (Oberlender and Nichols, unpublished). The substitution data for (+)-amphetamine and cocaine in (-t-)-MBDB-trained rats are also similar to the data for substitution of these agents in fenfluramine-trained rats (White and Appel 1981). 

Self-Injection in Baboons of Amphetamines and Reiated Designer Drugs... 

Recent controversy about the recreational abuse and potential therapeutic use of designer drugs has focused attention on MDA (methylenedioxyampheta-mine HCl) and structurally related phenylisopropylamine compounds, including MDMA istructural analogs of the psychomotor stimulant amphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline, and produce stimulant and/or hallucinogenic effects (Shulgin 1978). 

QUESTION Is there any evidenee that a eommon effeet of amphetamine and MDMA is mediated through a common biochemical mechanism for example, antagonism studies in haloperidol ... 

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