Subject rates

The general purpose of an audit may be to determine if the toller has management systems and documented procedures in place to ensure process safety, environmental responsibility, product quality and traceability of materials. The need to audit could be to evaluate compliance with regulations or accordance with client requirements related to specific performance elements. A subjective rating system for ranking management systems audit results is often used. An example of one that might be appropriate is shown below ... 

Most recently, Havlicek, Bartos, Dvorakova and Flegr (2006) tested women s body odour repeatedly across the whole menstrual cycle and focused specifically on axillary scents. Male subjects rated the smell of the samples as least attractive during menstrual bleeding and most attractive during the follicular (i.e. fertile) period of the cycle. 

Fig. 1 a Mean quantitative nicotine-appropriate responding and mean EM selected subjective responses across nicotine generalization doses collapsed across aU active mecamylamine pretreatment doses (5-20 mg filled circles) and across two no mecamylamine sessions (0 mg, retest open circles) in the preliminary study n = 3). Subjective ratings at baselines 1 and 2 (BLl, BL2) were obtained at the beginning of each session and just before the first nicotine generalization dose trial (2h after pretreatment), respectively, b Mean EM nicotine-appropriate responding across nicotine generahzation doses as a function of pretreatment condition (oral placebo, open circles ... 

Rush, C.R., Griffith, R.R. Zolpidem, triazolam, and temazepam behavioral and subject-rated effects in normal volunteers. J. Clin. Psvchopharmacol. 16. 146-157. 1996. 

Rush, C.R., Madakasira, S., Hayes, C.A., et a . Trazodone and triazolam acute subject-rated and performance-impairing effects in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmat ology 131, 9-18, 1997. 

There are many ways to obtain distance-like measures among flavor compounds. First, stimuli are generally equated in subjective intensity so that judgments are based on quality rather than intensity. Odorants are diluted in an odorless grade of diethyl phthalate and tastants, in deionized water. Then subjects rate all the n(n-l)/2 possible pairs for a set of n stimuli along an undifferentiated 5" line ... 

Affective patients and healthy control subjects rated life as more satisfying at present than in the past, and they also rated themselves higher than most others on scores of life satisfaction at present. The authors concluded that neither lithium as a prophylactic agent nor the affective illness interfered with either the manifest functioning or the patients feelings of satisfaction while in remission. 

Rush, C.R. et al., Reinforcing and subject-rated effects of methylphenidate and D-amphetamine in non-drug-abusing humans, J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 21, 273, 2001. 

West, R. and Hack, S., Effect of cigarettes on memory search and subjective ratings. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 38, 281, 1991. 

Roache, J.D. and Griffiths, R.R., Diazepam and triazolam self-administration in sedative abusers concordance of subject ratings, performance and drug self-administration, Psychopharmacology, 99, 309, 1989. 

Subjective effects of the experimental drugs were estimated from scores on several standardized tests and computer-delivered 100-mm visual analog scales that measured drug symptoms, strength and liking. The 100-mm scale was anchored with the terms not at all (0 mm) and extremely (100 mm). The subjects rated subjective effects at about the same times of the pupillary measures. 

MEAN SUBJECTIVE RATINGS OF FACTORS RELATED TO ENHANCED FUNCTIONING... 

In 2005 and 2007 (Phase 2), a more recent study for the U. S. Marine Corps, by Hill et al., evaluated 13 self-applied tourniquets for their applicability in combat applications. This study attempted to measure the functionality of the candidate tourniquets in battlefield conditions by immersing them in a simulated blood/sand mixture prior to testing. In contrast to the earlier Army study by Walters et al., the conclusion drawn from this study was the recommendation that one of the ratcheting or stretch-retention type tourniquet systems be adopted for combat deployment. These types had the best user subjective ratings as well as the lowest application times especially on the upper extremities where one-handed application was required. The recommended group had application times 30-50% lower on the upper extremities than the windlass types recommended by the Army study. Velcro was observed to lose its effectiveness as a clamp when it became fouled with wet sand or mud and, therefore, should be avoided. It should be noted that none of the tourniquet types used in the Marine Corps study were pneumatic. 

Gillberg M, Kecklund G, Akerstedt T. Relations between performance and subjective ratings of sleepiness during a night awake. Sleep 1994 17 236-241. 

A series of three experiments explored the relative effects of -amphetamine (10 mg), methylphenidate (10 mg), chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (10 mg), and placebo on memory and mood (54). After drug administration, subjects were tested on the Paced Sequential Memory Task (PSMT) and the Nowlis Mood Adjective Check List over a 4-hr test period. The results indicated that -amphetamine significantly reduced subjective ratings of fatigue and increased subjective ratings of vigor compared to the other drags. In addition, performance on the PSMT was enhanced by d-amphetamine compared to placebo and methylphenidate. Methylphenidate was not found to enhance either mood or performance in this experiment. 

In other studies, methylphenidate has been shown to improve subjective mood evaluations in both adults (44) and children (42). A comparison between d-amphetamine, /-amphetamine, and methylphenidate (administered in dosages equimolar to 10 mg or 20 mg) indicated that methylphenidate s euphoric effects were between those found with rf-amphetamine and /-amphetamine (55). In the earlier-mentioned study by Coons et al. (49), methylphenidate increased subjective ratings of concentration and aggression compared to placebo. In the study by Peloquin and Klorman (42), 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate prevented the increased ratings of dysphoria over time, and produced an overall lower dysphoria rating than placebo. In Roehrs et al. (53), methylphenidate (10 mg) remedied the adverse... 

Of course, variations in defining degrees of severity of any subjective rating is totally dependent on the creator of the scale and the scope of the overall objective of the study. 

The effects of zf9-THC (5 mg) on the neurological symptoms of spinal cord injury have been studied in one patient [142], Numerous treatments over several months resulted in reduction in subjectively-rated spasticity for periods over 12 h, in improvement of bladder control and pain as well as in the quality of mood and sleep. In contrast to the above reports, Greenberg et al. found no improvement in 10 MS patients who smoked marijuana on a single occasion [143]. Actually, an impairement of balance was noted. 

SSRIs and the benzodiazepine alprazolam are often used to treat panic disorder. Pharmacokinetic reactions between them could therefore be important. Alprazolam is metabolized by CYP3A4, which fluvoxamine inhibits (SEDA-22, 13). In 23 out-patients (11 men, 12 women, mean age 39 years) who took alprazolam both as monotherapy (mean dose 1.0 mg/day) and in combination with fluvoxamine (mean dose 34 mg/day), fluvoxamine increased plasma alprazolam concentrations by 58% (97). This was not associated with increased sleepiness, measured by a subjective rating scale, but objective measures of psychomotor function were not carried out and these could have been impaired by raised alprazolam concentrations. 

Agoraphobia/panic disorder occurred in 31 patients, 15 of whom had originally been treated with alprazolam and 16 with placebo, had been previously followed during an 8-week treatment period, and had alprazolam-induced memory impairment (15). These patients were reviewed 3.5 years after treatment to determine whether the memory impairment persisted. Those who had used alprazolam performed as well as those who had taken placebo on the memory task and other objective tests. The performances in both groups were similar to pretreatment values. However, there were differences in subjective ratings those who had used alprazolam rated themselves as less attentive and clear-headed and more incompetent and clumsy. Memory impairment found while patients were taking alprazolam did not persist 3.5 years later. 

---