Ammunition defined

In order to characterize the concentration of dust flowing inside a duct, a measured amount of dust must be extracted over a known period of time. This collection velocity must be the same as the internal duct flow velocity to avoid altering the distribution of dust particle sizes. In addition, a number of sample points over the entire duct cross sectional area is necessary to define the overall dust concentration. This method of sampling, known as gravimetric sampling under isokinetic conditions, was used to determine the dust concentrations at the various manufacturing areas in the Army Ammunition Plants. 

Immunotoxicity. No information on immunotoxicity after exposure to 1,3,5-TNB by any of the three routes is available in humans or animals. Therefore, animal studies following acute, intermediate, and chronic exposure to 1,3,5-TNB via all three routes would help in estimating the potential immunotoxic effects in humans. Spleen enlargement was reported in acute-(Blackburn et al. 1988) and intermediate-duration (Cody et al. 1981 Linder et al. 1986) studies in animals. These effects, however, were secondary to adverse hematological effects. Studies in laboratory animals following acute exposure to 1,3-DNB by the oral route would help define possible effects on antibody production and cellular immunity. This information could be used to determine populations sensitive to possible exposure to 1,3-DNB at locations close to ammunition plants or in specific workplaces. 

Howitzer (How). See Ref 44, p B27-L, under CANNON and Ref 40a, p 89. In Ref 45f, pp 2-1 2-3 it is defined as a complete weapon conforming to the general cannon definition including the attached or closely related units necesssry for operation as intended (recoil mechanism, mount, sighting system, accessories, etc, but not ammunition), and designed for performance characterized by velocity, range, and trajectory curvature intermediate between those of a gun and a mortar... 

Projectiles used in 120-mm rounds belong to the separated type of ammunition, while 155-mm and larger caliber projectiles are used in separate-loading ammunition, which is defined in Ref 43, p A385-L... 

As the term "separated ammunition" was not defined in Vols 1, 2 3 of this Encycl,... 

Hangfire Primers. A hangfire in small arms ammunition (initiated by a blow from a firing pin) can be defined as that condition which exists when initiation of the usual chain of events following the release of the trigger in a loaded weapon, occurs at a rate slower than normal the definition of hangfire for electrically initiated ammo is similar... 

HEP. High Explosive, Plastic (HEP) is defined as ammunition designed to defeat armor by spalling or scabbing. Conventional HEP shells have thin walls, ogival noses, base fuzes, and large filler capacities... 

ROCKET (or Roketto) (Funshindan) or Rocket Ammunition Raketto Danyaku) can be defined as any self-propelled, unguided missile which is fired from a device called a launcher, as was Ger Faustpatrone, Russian Katiusha or Amer Bazooka. Japanese launchers are briefly described here under ROCKET LAUNCHERS. Each Rocket Missile carried its own propeller... 

Class C relatively safe expls(minimum hazard). They are defined as certain types of manufd articles which contain class A or class B expls, or both, as components but in restricted quantities. Eg small arms ammunition and certain types of fireworks (ICC Sec 53.100)(See also Forbidden Explosives)... 

Chemical Bacteriological Warfare. Chemical warfare (CW) is defined under Chemical, Biological and Radiological(CBR) Warfare. Bacteriological warfare, which may be considered as a branch of biological warfare, is conducted with ammunition(such as bombs) filled with deadly or sickness-producing bacteria... 

L Loading Density. See Charge Density Ju Maximum Loading Density (Densite maxima de chargement in Fr). This may be defined as the highest density obtainable, either by compression or casting, in the loading of expls in ammunition. 

The Oxford dictionary defines a cartridge as a case containing a charge of propellant explosive for firearms or blasting, with bullet or shot if for small arms. Other terms, such as ammunition, round of ammunition, or round, are also used for cartridges and are equally acceptable. Bullet, however, is wrongly used in this context and should be reserved for the projectile only. 

Small arms ammunition propellants may be defined as explosive materials which are formulated, designed, manufactured, and initiated in such a manner as to permit the generation of large volumes of hot gases at highly controlled, predetermined rates. 55... 

This same model is used to calculate the maximum credible event (MCE) which is defined as that unintended, unplanned, or accidental adverse occurrence which causes release of agent from an ammunition item, bulk container, or process. It must be realistic with a reasonable probability of occurrence. It is necessary to hypothesize an MCE to enable calculation of the magnitude of a worst case hazard. The hypothetical MCE for any given situation will be based upon the nature and characteristics of the agent involved, ammunition, container, configuration, and... 

Operational layouts were developed providing physical capabilities to accommodate those requirements as defined by the process flow charts. Operational layouts identified both space requirements and requirements for Ammunition Peculiar Equipment (APE), to meet individual item configurations. 

Among these 17 new commodity classes, chemicals not otherwise specified appear as a separate class. Not only has the number of separate classes been expanded, but the composition of each of these classes has been enlarged in order to reflect the increasing importance of the industry to the American economy. In the 1920 to 1927 period, chemicals and explosives combined represented only some 154 separate and identifiable types, classes, or grades of chemicals and explosives combined, while the 1947 classification of just chemicals not otherwise specified represents some 311 separate categories, not including the 65 separate categories of ammunition and explosives, which are included as a distinct class in the 1947 classification. Naturally, this makes for far better defined statistics. 

Picatinny Arsenal and Holston Army Ammunition Plant (HAAP) are responsible for determining and defining optimum operating parameters for the hydrolysis of aU energetic materials contained in munitions at the Pueblo Chemical Depot and the Blue Grass Army Depot. 

Some products excluded from the definition of chemical substance in 3(2) (B) require a negative certification. These include pesticides, as defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) food, food additives, drugs, drug intermediates, cosmetics, cosmetic intermediates, or devices subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) nuclear source materials, special nuclear materials or nuclear by-product materials and firearms and ammunition. While a guide for importers and exporters published by EPA in 1991 (1991 Guide) made a distinction in... 

Statistical estimations of the probability of category II, III and IV failure are defined for ammunition... 

The level of aimnunitionreliability could by defined by the indicator value of failure probability Qjv Nowadays, it is about Qiv t = 5 years) = 10 for pistol ammunition during the period of use (storing) of five years (Jahkovych Majtanik 2008). It includes only category IV failures that cause neither injuries nor damage to assets or enviromnent (e.g. misfire shot). 

The requirements for ammunition safety risk can be defined in the following way ... 

Failures of category 111 probability must be lower than 10 . This means that the probability of ammunition failure Qm must be lower than 1.10 in all climatic (weather), mechanical and electrical environments, in all defined regimes of use (storing, transport. 

Failures of category I having the most serious consequences for persons, assets and environment must be extremely improbable. The probability of failure occurrence Qi must be lower than 1.10 in all climatic (weather), mechanical and electrical environments, in all defined regimes of use (storing, transport, manipulation and shooting) as well as in the defined way of disposal (liquidation). This definition of the requirement for safety risk tolerates ammunition failure resulting in user s death not more than once in 100 milliard of shots. 

The Transportation Safety Act defines several classes of hazardous materials. Classes include explosives, radioactive material, flammable liquids or solids, combustible liquids or solids, oxidizing or corrosive materials, compressed gases, poisons, etiologic agents (hazardous biological materials), irritating materials, and other regulated materials (ORM). The act excludes firearms and ammunition. Other chapters in this book discuss hazards associated with some of these materials. 

Natural (NU or Unat), depleted (DU), low-enriched (LEU), and high-enriched (HEU) uranium the content of the only natural fissile isotope, U—is an important feature of uranium applications and value. In natural uranium, the content of this isotope is 0.720 atom % or 0.711 wt% (Table 1.2). LEU is defined as U content between 0.720% and just below 20%, while HEU encompasses uranium with U content above 20%. The 20% borderline between LEU and HEU is artificial and was based on the assumption that nuclear weapons with 20% or less U would not be efficient. The waste, or tails, of the isotope enrichment process contains less U than in natural uranium and is defined as depleted uranium (DU). The U-235 content in DU is usually in the range of 0.2%-0.4%. DU is used mainly in armor piecing ammunition, in reactive armor of tanks, in radiation shielding, and is also used as ballast weights in aircraft. In addition, many of the commercially available fine chemicals of uranium compounds are based on the tails of uranium-enrichment facilities and usually labeled as not of natural isotope composition. 

Ammunition is an item containing one or more projectiles, together with propellant needed to impart velocity to the projectile(s) which are propelled from a reusable launcher. The projectiles may be an inert or contain a high explosive, smoke generator, or other energetic composition. The launcher may be a gun. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and U.S. term ammunition is covered by the term munitions, ammunition is a subset of munitions. Ammunition, or ammo, is defined as a device charged with... 

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