Ammonia-hydrogen peroxide treatment

For this reaction, charcoal is a catalyst if this is omitted and hydrogen peroxide is used as the oxidant, a red aquopentammino-cobalt(lll) chloride, [Co(NH3)jH20]Cl3, is formed and treatment of this with concentrated hydrochloric acid gives the red chloro-p0itatnmino-coba. t(lll) chloride, [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2. In these latter two compounds, one ammonia ligand is replaced by one water molecule or one chloride ion it is a peculiarity of cobalt that these replacements are so easy and the pure products so readily isolated. In the examples quoted, the complex cobalt(III) state is easily obtained by oxidation of cobalt(II) in presence of ammonia, since... 

The residue is leached to give cesium sulfate solution, which can be converted to cesium chloride by ion exchange on Dowex 50 resin and elution with 10% HCl, treatment using ammonia or lime, to precipitate the alurninum, or by solvent extraction, followed by purification at neutral pH using hydrogen peroxide or ammonia. 

Triazole has been prepared by the oxidation of substituted 1,2,4-triazoles, by the treatment of urazole with phosphorus pentasulfide, by heating equimolar quantities of formyl-hydrazine and formamide, by removal of the amino function of 4-amino-l,2,4-triazole, by oxidation of l,2,4-triazole-3(5)-thiol with hydrogen peroxide, by decarboxylation of 1,2,4-triazole-3(5)-carboxylic acid, by heating hydrazine salts with form-amide,by rapidly distilling hydrazine hydrate mixed with two molar equivalents of formamide, i by heating N,N -diformyl-hydrazine with excess ammonia in an autoclave at 200° for 24 hours, and by the reaction of 1,3,5-triazine and hydrazine monohydrochloride. ... 

The mechanisms of the other methods of Intensification are more in doubt (cf. review by Sheppard el ah, 76). These methods include bathing the photographic material in a solution of silver salt, in a solution of hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate (Vanselow et ah, 77), in a solution of aurous thiocyanate (James et ah, 31) or by fuming the material in the vapor of certain organic acids (Mueller and Bates, 78) or of ammonia. Such treatment may result in an increase in the effective size of the sub-nuclei, or simply in bringing about more favorable conditions for development at the silver/silver halide interface. 

According to the vendor, MCB treatment produces a fine precipitate that usually requires fiocculation or filtration. For some applications, additives such as lime, hydrogen peroxide, polyelectrolyte, ferrous chloride, iron sulfate, or flocculants may be necessary to meet treatment objectives. MCB has an ammonia odor. 

Sulfonyl diisocyanate gives the thiatriazine (577) on treatment with ammonia (58CB1200). Ketones and 86% hydrogen peroxide give 3,3,6,6-tetrasubstituted 1,2,4,5-tetroxanes (578) (80JCR(S)35). 

Water from the wastewater treatment plants of paper mills, power plants, etc., contains high chlorine residues in aqueous media, which causes environmental concern. Several methods have been used for dechlorination, including granular activated carbon, hydrogen peroxide, sodium thiosulfate, ammonia, sodium sulfite, and metabisulfite. In addition, ferrous sulfate hep-tahydrate has also been proposed for the removal of chlorine residues. 

Aqueous hydrogen peroxide is catalytically decomposed by even small quantities of relatively mild bases such as ammonia or sodium carbonate. This is a convenient way of generating oxygen, but also of bursting inadequately vented containers. Such decomposition has also been involved in several of the accidents during waste treatment with peroxide, giving oxygen-rich headspaces. 

Omeprazole is obtained [15] by the reaction of acetyl ethyl propionate 1 with ammonia to give ethyl -3-amino-2,3-dimethyl acrylate 2. Compound 2 was converted to to 2,4-dihydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl pyridine 3 by treatment with methyl diethylmalonate. Treatment of compound 3 with phosphorous oxychloride produced 2,4-dichloro-3,5/6-trimethyl pyridine 4. 4-Chloro-3/5,6-trimethyl pyridine 5 was obtained by treatment of compound 4 with hydrogen. On treatment of compound 5 with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, 4-chloro-3,5,6-trimethyl-pyridine-N-oxide 6 was produced. Treatment of compound 6 with acetic anhydride gave 4-chloro-2-hydroxymethyl-3,5-dimethyl pyridine 7 which was converted to 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxypyridine 8 by treatment with sodium methoxide. Compound 8 was treated with thionyl chloride to produce 2-chloromethyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxypyridinc 9. Compound 9 interacts with 5-methoxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole to give 5-methoxy 2-[((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)thio]-lH-bcnzimidazole 10 which is oxidized to omeprazole 11. 

A dye is considered permanent if it penetrates into the hollow hair shaft. Coloring of hair starts with a treatment of substances such as hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. The ammonia causes hair shafts to swell and open, allowing dye intermediates and couplers to penetrate. Dyes applied during the second step of coloring react with the precursors to form pigments that remain in the hair. 

Other most successful durable treatment is based on tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium derivatives. Very well-known brand marketed as Proban CC (Rhodia, previously Albright Wilson) involves padding of tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC) urea solution onto the cotton fabric, curing with ammonia in a specially designed reactor to generate a highly cross-linked three-dimensional polymer network. The fabric is then treated with hydrogen peroxide, which converts P3+ to the P5+ state. The reactions are shown in Scheme 24.2. Other similar commercial product is Thor s Aflammit P. In literature many combinations of tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium derivatives with other salts have been reported,50 but the most successful so far has been the THPC-urea-NH3 system discussed earlier. 

The parent compound (1) was first prepared in 1923 by Stolle and co-workers.2,3 They found that treatment of thianaphthenequinone (5) with aqueous ammonia and hydrogen peroxide afforded 1,2-benzisothiazole-3-carboxamide (6), which was hydrolyzed to the acid (7) and the latter decarboxylated. 

Peroxygens are used widely throughout industry for the safe and effective treatment of cyanide in process and waste waters. Under alkaline conditions, cyanide is efficiently oxidized to the much less toxic cyanate by peroxygens such as hydrogen peroxide, Caro s acid and sodium percarbonate.27 The cyanate slowly hydrolyses to ammonia and bicarbonate (Figure 5.5). 

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