Toxicity amine

There appeared to be a good correlation between the mouse toxicity data from an I.P. route and the rat feeding study (Appendix II). With the results from these tests we were able to define the "A" ring substitution requirements required to make the trinitro diphenyl amines toxic to rats. 

Enzyme inhibitors may exert direct toxic actions by blocking essential physiological processes (e.g. cholinesterase inhibitors). Alternatively, by impairing specific pathways of detoxification, they may increase the toxicity of other compounds (e.g. monoamine oxidase inhibitors and pressor amines). Toxic hazard therefore depends upon the circumstances in which exposure occurs and there are numerous interactions possible between dietary components, or between individual dietary compounds and drugs. 

All antimuscarinic agents work in a surmountable competitive fashion reversal of their actions can be concluded easily by infusing acetylcholine or any other cholinergic agonists, but the reversing agents should be selected carefully according to a peripheral (quaternary amine) or peripheral/central (tertiary amine) toxicity that needs to be surmounted. 

ALGEBRAIC VS. STATISTIC CORRELATION (FOR ALIPHATIC AMINES TOXICITY)... 

FIGURE 3.17 The plot of the piimaty, secondary and tertiary amines toxicity LD50 of Table 3.16 grouped within trial and test sets, after (Putz et al., 2009a). 

Beryllium Hydride. BeryUium hydride [13597-97-2] is an amorphous, colorless, highly toxic polymeric soHd (H = 18.3%) that is stable to water but hydroly2ed by acid (8). It is insoluble in organic solvents but reacts with tertiary amines at 160°C to form stable adducts, eg, (R3N-BeH2 )2 (9). It is prepared by continuous thermal decomposition of a di-/-butylberylhum-ethyl ether complex in a boiling hydrocarbon (10). 

Toxic or malodorous pollutants can be removed from industrial gas streams by reaction with hydrogen peroxide (174,175). Many Hquid-phase methods have been patented for the removal of NO gases (138,142,174,176—178), sulfur dioxide, reduced sulfur compounds, amines (154,171,172), and phenols (169). Other effluent treatments include the reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and COD, color, odor (142,179,180), and chlorine concentration. 

The biochemical basis for the toxicity of mercury and mercury compounds results from its ability to form covalent bonds readily with sulfur. Prior to reaction with sulfur, however, the mercury must be metabolized to the divalent cation. When the sulfur is in the form of a sulfhydryl (— SH) group, divalent mercury replaces the hydrogen atom to form mercaptides, X—Hg— SR and Hg(SR)2, where X is an electronegative radical and R is protein (36). Sulfhydryl compounds are called mercaptans because of their ability to capture mercury. Even in low concentrations divalent mercury is capable of inactivating sulfhydryl enzymes and thus causes interference with cellular metaboHsm and function (31—34). Mercury also combines with other ligands of physiological importance such as phosphoryl, carboxyl, amide, and amine groups. It is unclear whether these latter interactions contribute to its toxicity (31,36). 

Environmental Impact of Ambient Ozone. Ozone can be toxic to plants, animals, and fish. The lethal dose, LD q, for albino mice is 3.8 ppmv for a 4-h exposure (156) the 96-h LC q for striped bass, channel catfish, and rainbow trout is 80, 30, and 9.3 ppb, respectively. Small, natural, and anthropogenic atmospheric ozone concentrations can increase the weathering and aging of materials such as plastics, paint, textiles, and mbber. For example, mbber is degraded by reaction of ozone with carbon—carbon double bonds of the mbber polymer, requiring the addition of aromatic amines as ozone scavengers (see Antioxidants Antiozonants). An ozone decomposing polymer (noXon) has been developed that destroys ozone in air or water (157). 

Other Reactants. Other reactants are used in smaller amounts to provide phenoHc resins that have specific properties, especially coatings appHcations. Aniline had been incorporated into both resoles and novolaks but this practice has been generally discontinued because of the toxicity of aromatic amines. Other materials include rosin (abietic acid), dicyclopentadiene, unsaturated oils such as tung oil and linseed oil, and polyvalent cations for cross-linking. 

Health and Safety Factors. Animal-feeding studies of DMPPO itself have shown it to be nontoxic on ingestion. The solvents, catalyst, and monomers that are used to prepare the polymers, however, should be handled with caution. Eor example, for the preparation of DMPPO, the amines used as part of the catalyst are flammable toxic on ingestion, absorption, and inhalation and are also severe skin and respiratory irritants (see Amines). Toluene, a solvent for DMPPO, is not a highly toxic material in inhalation testing the TLV (71) is set at 375 mg/m, and the lowest toxic concentration is reported to be 100—200 ppm (72). Toxicity of 2,6-dimethylphenol is typical of alkylphenols (qv), eg, for mice, the acute dermal toxicity is LD q, 4000 mg/kg, whereas the acute oral toxicity is LD q, 980 mg/kg (73). The Noryl blends of DMPPO and polystyrene have PDA approval for reuse food apphcations. 

Monoethan olamine and monoisopropan olamine may be moderately toxic by absorption through the skin. The other amines are low in toxicity by this route and are not likely to be absorbed in acutely toxic amounts. In the event of skin contact, clothing and shoes should be removed promptly, and the skin thoroughly washed with water. Contaminated clothing should be thoroughly cleaned before reuse shoes and leather products should be discarded. 

AHphatic amine oxides such as alkyl dimethyl amine oxides and aLkylbis(2-hydroxylethyl)amiae oxides range from practically nontoxic to slightly toxic (79). Reported LD qS range from 1.77 g/kg to 6.50 g/kg. The commercial concentrated products are primary skin and eye irritants. At concentrations of 2%, these products may be considered as nonirritating to the skin or eye. 

Toxicity Data for Aromox Amine Oxides, Buk. 68, Armak Co. 

Anhydrous methylamiaes and ethylamiae are coasidered flammable gases. They are shipped uader pressure (239 —446 kPa, 20—50 psig) and are available ia bulk tank tmcks and railcars. Aqueous solutions of the methylamiaes and ethylamiae are coasidered flammable Hquids and are available ia dmms, bulk tank tmcks, and railcars. Most of the other higher amines are considered flammable or combustible Hquids. AH the lower alkylamiaes are also coasidered toxic and have strong odors. 

Alkylamiaes are toxic. Both the Hquids and vapors can cause severe irritations to mucous membranes, eyes, and skin. Protective butyl mbber gloves, aprons, chemical face shields, and self-contained breathing apparatus should be used by aH personnel handling alkylamiaes. Amines are flammable and the lower mol wt alkylamiaes with high vapor pressures at ordiaary temperatures have low flash poiats. Amines should be handled ia weH-veatilated areas only after eliminating potential sources of ignition. 

Use of dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide is recommended for cycloahphatic amine fire fighting. Water spray is recommended only to flush spills away to prevent exposures. In the aquatic environment, cyclohexylamine has a high (420 mg/L) toxicity threshold for bacteria (Pseudomonasputida) (68), and is considered biodegradable, that is, rnineralizable to CO2 and H2O, by acclimatized bacteria. 

Thiuram Sulfides. These compounds, (8) and (9), are an important class of accelerator. Thiurams are produced by the oxidation of sodium dithiocarbamates. The di- and polysulfides can donate one or more atoms of sulfur from their molecular stmcture for vulcanization. The use of these compounds at relatively high levels with litde or no elemental sulfur provides articles with improved heat resistance. The short-chain (methyl and ethyl) thiurams and dithiocarbamates ate priced 2/kg. Producers have introduced ultra-accelerators based on longer-chain and branched-chain amines that are less volatile and less toxic. This development is also motivated by a desire to rninirnize airborne nitrosamines. 

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