G alpha protein

Fig. 2.17 Relative non-covalent binding affinities of a variety of drug candidates to RCS4 and G alpha proteins based on the relative S/N ratios in the CPC spin column/ESI-MS assays to that of 250 pg of the respective compound (normal font) and after normalizing all the values...

Fig. 2.16 GPC spin column binding assay of RGS4 and G alpha proteins with WY817 (MW 450 Da). Positive ion ESI mass spectra for compound WY817, a weak binder to RGS4 protein and non-binder to G alpha protein. A miniature P6 GPC spin column was used. (A) ESI-MS response for 250 pg of reference compound WY817 (no GPC spin column used), (B) ESI-MS response for GPC spin column (P6 gel, 1 cm long, 100 pL volume) eluate when 100 pg of WY817 were passed...

Yang Q, Poole SI, Borkovich KA, A G-protein beta subunit required for sexual and vegetative development and maintenance of normal G alpha protein levels in Neurospora crassa, Eukaryot Cell 1 378-390, 2002. 

Pauwels PJ, Rauly I, Wurch T, Colpaert FC. Evidence for protean agonism of RX 831003 at alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors by co-expression with different G(alpha) protein subunits. Neuropharmacology 2002 42 855-863. 

Stables, J. Green, A. Marshall, F. et al. A bioluminescent assay for agonist activity at potentially any G-protein-coupled receptor. Anal. Biochem. 1997, 252, 115-126. Milligan, G. Rees, S. Chimaeric G alpha proteins their potential use in drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 

HICKS, J.K., YU, J.H., KELLER, N.P., ADAMS, T.H., Aspergillus sporalation and mycotoxin production both require inactivation of the FadA G alpha protein-dependent signaling pathway, EMBO. J., 1997,16,4916-4923. 

Broxmeyer HE, Kohli L, Kim CH, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-l/CXCL12 directly enhances survival/antiapoptosis of myeloid progenitor cells through CXCR4 and G(alpha)i proteins and enhances engraftment of competitive, repopulating stem cells. J Leukoc Biol 2003 73(5) 630-638. 

Adjobo-Hermans, M. J., Goedhart, J. and Gadella, T. W., Jr. (2006). Plant G protein heterotrimers require dual lipidation motifs of G(alpha) and G(gamma) and do not dissociate upon activation. J. Cell Sci. 119, 5087-97. 

Slow component a (SCa) comprises largely the cyto-skeletal proteins that form NFs and MTs. Rates of transport for SCa proteins in mammalian nerve range from 0.2-0.5 mm/day in optic axons tol mm/day in motor neurons of the sciatic nerve, and can be even slower in poikilotherms such as goldfish. Although the polypeptide composition of SCa is relatively simple, the relative contribution of SCa to slow transport varies considerably. For large axons (e.g. alpha motor neurons in the sciatic nerve), SCa is a large fraction of the total protein in slow transport, while the amount of material in SCa is relatively reduced for smaller axons (i.e. optic axons) [32]. The amount and phosphorylation state of SCa protein in axons is the major determinant of axonal diameter. 

Schwiebert, E. M., D. C. Gruenert, W. B. Guggino, and B. A. Stanton. 1995. G protein G alpha i-2 inhibits outwardly rectifying chloride channels in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 269(2 Pt l) C451-6. 

Adhikari A, Sprang SR (2003) Thermodynamic characterization of the binding of activator of G protein signaling 3 (AGS3) and peptides derived from AGS3 with G alpha il. J Biol Chem 278 51825—51832... 

Hollinger S, Taylor JB, Goldman EH, Hepler JR (2001) RGS 14 is a bifunctional regulator of Galphai/o activity that exists in multiple populations in brain. J Neurochem 79 941-949 Hollinger S, Ramineni S, Hepler JR (2003) Phosphorylation of RGS 14 by protein kinase A potentiates its activity toward G alpha 1. Biochemistry 42 811-819... 

Mochizuki N, Cho G, Wen B, Insel PA (1996) Identification and cDNA cloning of a novel human mosaic protein, LGN, based on interaction with G alpha i2. Gene 181 39 3 Mochizuki N, Ohba Y, Kiyokawa E, Kurata T, Murakami T, Ozaki T, Kitabatake A, Nagashima K, Matsuda M (1999) Activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway by an isoform of raplGAP associated with G alphaff). Nature 400 891-894... 

Natochin M, Gasimov KG, Artemyev NO (2001) Inhibition of GDP/GTP exchange on G alpha subunits by proteins containing G-protein regulatory motifs. Biochemistry 40 5322-5328 Ngsee JK, Miller K, Wendland B, Scheller RH (1990) Multiple GTP-binding proteins from cholinergic synaptic vesicles. J Neurosci 10 317-322... 

Stow JL, de Almeida JB, Narula N, Holtzman EJ, Ercolani L, Ausiello DA (1991) A heterotrimeric G protein, G alpha i-3, on Golgi membranes regulates the secretion of a heparan sulfate proteoglycan in LLC-PKl epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 114 1113-1124... 

If the patient is exposed to VPA or CBZ, the presence of neural tube defects should be evaluated (e.g., serum alpha protein, amniocentesis, ultrasound), especially if they are used together. 

Cherfils, J., and Chabre, M. (2003). Activation of G-protein G alpha subunits by receptors through G alpha-G beta and G alpha-G gamma interactions. Trends Biochem. Sri. 28, 13—17. 

Frank, M., Thumer, L., Lohse, M. J., and Bunemann, M. (2005). G protein activation without subunit dissociation depends on a G alpha(i)-specific region./. Biol. Chem. 280, 24584-24590. 

Nanoff, C., Koppensteiner, R., Yang, Q., Fuerst, E., Ahom, H., and Freissmuth, M. (2006). The carboxyl terminus of the G alpha-subunit is the latch for triggered activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Mol. Pharmacol. 69, 397-405. 

Snapshot of activated G proteins at the membrane The G alpha(q)-GRK2-G beta gamma complex. Science 310, 1686-1690. 

Diviani, D., Soderling, J., and Scott, J. D. (2001). AKAP-Lbc anchors protein kinase A and nucleates G alpha 12-selective Rho-mediated stress fiber formation. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 44247-44257. 

Caulfield MP, Jones S, Vallis Y, Buckley NJ, Kim GD, Milligan G, Brown DA (1994) Muscarinic M-current inhibition via G alpha q/11 and alpha-adrenoceptor inhibition of Ca2+ current via G alpha o in rat sympathetic neurones. J Physiol 477 Pt 3 415-22 Charvin N, L Eveque C, Walker D, Berton F, Raymond C, KataokaM, Shoji-Kasai Y, Takahashi M, De Waard M, Seagar MJ (1997) Direct interaction of the calcium sensor protein synaptotagmin I with a cytoplasmic domain of the alphal A subunit of the P/Q-type calcium channel. Embo J 16 4591-6... 

Bray P, Carter A, Simons C, Guo V, Puckett C, Kamholz J, Spiegel A, Nirenberg M. 1986. Human cDNA clones for four species of G alpha s signal transduct protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 8893-8897. 

Li Y, Lappas G, Anand-Srivastava MB. 2007. Role of oxidative stress in angiotensin II-induced enhanced expression of Gi(alpha) proteins and adenylyl cyclase signaling in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292 H1922-H1930. 

Mondry A, Bourgeois F, Carre F, Swynghedauw B, Moalic JM. 1995. Decrease in beta-1-adrenergic and M2 muscarinic receptor mRNA levels and unchanged accumulation of mRNAs coding for G-alpha i-2 and G alpha s proteins in rat cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 27 2287-2294. 

Strathmann MP, Simon MI. 1991. G alpha 12 and alpha 13 subunits define a fourth class of G protein alpha subunits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 5582-5586. 

Nishida, M., Maruyama, Y., Tanaka, R., Kontani, K., Nagao, T., and Kurose, H.G. 2000. Alpha and G alpha(o) are target proteins of reactive oxygen species. Nature 408 492-495. 

---