Antiperspirant ingredients

Aluminum chloride hexahydrate, AIQ 6H20, manufactured from aluminum hydroxide and hydrochloric acid [7647-01-0], HQ, is used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics as a flocculant and for impregnating textiles. Conversion of solutions of hydrated aluminum chloride with aluminum to the aluminum chlorohydroxy complexes serve as the basis of the most widely used antiperspirant ingredients (20). 

Aluminum chloride, 2 379-385 72 189 antiperspirant ingredient, 7 848t choice of solvent for support, 5 325 supported, 5 327-328 in organic reactions, 72 159-160 reduction, 2 279 roasting, 2 395 Aluminum chloride, 2 345t Aluminum(III) chloride, 2 345t Aluminum chloride-based alkylation, 23 333... 

Aluminum dichlorohydrate, antiperspirant ingredient, 7 848t Aluminum difluoride, 2 360, 361 Aluminum electrodes, standard potential, 3 413t... 

Buffered aluminum sulfate, antiperspirant ingredient, 7 848t Buffering... 

A simple deodorant consists of an antibacterial agent in a cream base. Antiperspirant ingredients ( aluminum salts ) such as aluminum chlorohydrate, activated aluminum chlorohydrates, and aluminum-zirconium-glycine (AZG) complexes work by forming superficial plugs in the sweat ducts, reducing the flow of perspiration. Antiperspirants are available in four product types cream, liquid, powder, or stick. They usually include aluminum salts, titanium dioxide, oxyquinoline sulfate, zirconium salt, alcohol, and antibacterial agents. Some liquid forms are propellant dispensed (aerosols). Waxes, soap, and humectants may be present in minor proportion in stick forms. Roll-on types may be added with... 

Container Molding. Antiperspirant, deodorant, sunscreen, and antiacne sticks are container molded. The amount of dispersed ingredients makes them brittle and difficult to handle mechanically. 

The active ingredient of some antiperspirants is Al2(OH)5Cl. Calculate the mass percent of each element in this ingredient. 

No studies were located regarding aluminum absorption in humans after dermal exposure to aluminum or its compounds. Aluminum compounds are common additives in underarm antiperspirants. The active ingredient is usually an aluminum chlorhydrate salt, which is thought to form an obstructive plug of aluminum hydroxide within the sweat duct (Reiber et al. 1995). The possibility that aluminum in antiperspirants may be absorbed directly through the skin has been suggested (Graves et al. 1990), but this hypothesis has not been clinically confirmed. 

Aluminum chlorohydrate is the active ingredient in many antiperspirants and deodorants (Budavari et al. 1989 Hawley 1977 Sax and Lewis 1987). 

No systematic studies of the use of silicone surfactants as emulsifiers have yet been published. Silicone polyoxyalkylene copolymers with relatively high molecular weight and a high proportion of silicone are effective water-in-silicone oil emulsifiers and a recent study of these copolymers suggests that they stabilize emulsions by a solid-particle mechanism [68]. This type of silicone surfactant has been used to prepare transparent water-in-oil emulsions (often with an active ingredient in the internal phase) for use as deodorants or antiperspirants as well as cosmetics and other personal care products. Their use as drug delivery vehicles has also been claimed. These copolymers can also be used to prepare multiple emulsions not requiring a two-pot process. 

Similarly, the nitride, carbide, cyanide, carboxylate, and carbonate salts of aluminum are unstable in aqueous solution. Aluminum salts of strong acids form solutions of the hydrated cation (see Hydrates). These solutions are acidic owing to the partial dissociation of one of the coordinated water molecules (equation 6), the p/fa of [A1(H20)6] + being 4.95 (see Acidity Constants). Note that this is quite similar to that of acetic acid. The second step in the hydrolysis reaction yields a dihydroxide species that undergoes condensation to form polynuclear cations (see Section 8). Antiperspirants often include an ingredient called aluminum chlorhydrate that is really a mixture of the chloride salts of the monohydroxide and dihydroxide aluminum cations. The aluminum in these compounds causes pores on the surface of the skin to contract leading to a reduction in perspiration. 

Topical zirconium can cause hypersensitivity granulomas in sensitized persons, which has led to the removal of zirconium salts from antiperspirants (SEDA-22, 242). Complexes of zirconium and aluminum are non-sensitizing and are still commonly used as active ingredients in topical antiperspirants. However, a granulomatous reaction to this material has been reported (1). 

Montemarano AD, Sau P, Johnson FB, James WD. Cutaneous granulomas caused by an aluminum-zirconium complex an ingredient of antiperspirants. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997 37(3 Pt l) 496-8. 

Talc is a primary ingredient in talcum powder, and is used in some antiperspirants and deodorants, and in cosmetics. It also can be used as a pigment in paints, primers, and enamels as well as a filler for paper, rubber, soap, and in household putty. 

Figure 15.1 Organoleptic stability of various muguet ingredients in an aerosol antiperspirant after storage at 37 °C for 12 weeks ( VG = very good G = good M = moderate P = poor)...

The organoleptic stability of an ingredient depends on a combination of two factors its sensory characteristics and its chemical stability. The latter, of course, is determined by the nature of the product base. Antiperspirant formulations are acidic because of partial hydrolysis of the active antiperspirant agents, such as aluminium chlorhydrate (equation 1). It is an inorganic salt that consists essentially of complex aluminium chloride described empirically as [Al2(OH)5] .nCl. The complex is polymeric and loosely hydrated. 

Ian Payne, Quest International, for organoleptical stability data of muguet ingredients. Steven Rowlands, Quest International, for analysis of the breakdown products of Lilial in antiperspirant base. 

Aluminium chlorohydrate is a widely used active ingredient for antiperspirant compositions. This salt requires a hydrophilic solvent at low pH values to remain stable. Structured microemulsions can be used to formulate clear and viscous products with this active. These products can be used in solid applicators such as firm stick applicators [35]. The o/w microemulsions can be based on fatty alcoholethoxylates with an organic or silicon oil phase [36]. An improved temperature stability in the range of 0-70°C for such formulations can be achieved by a combination of oxyalkylene-modified siloxanes, pentacyclosiloxane and glycol [37]. The addition of alpha-hydroxylic acids results in an improved skin feel with decreased tackiness [38]. 

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