Alternative Cosmologies

The time discrepancy of chronometric theory translates directly into a frequency shift through the energy operator —i d/dt) — hi/, which is related quadratically to luminosity (Segal, 1976). In the final analysis the chronometric effect, like the pertcmbation of electronic energy levels that causes chemical redshifts, therefore depends on the relative curvatm-e at the sites of emission and absorption of the radiation. Although there is a distance component associated with the curvature gradient it is not the primary cause of the observed redshift. 

Narlikar (2002) devotes a chapter with the same title as this section to a number of variations on the theme of an expanding rmverse, while specifically 

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The only factor of some chemical importance that features prominently in the theories of cosmology is the synthesis of small nuclides such as deuterium and helium. Unfortunately, the initial conditions that are considered to be crucial in these models are purely conjectural. There is little hope of a meaningful test against chemical reality and, in the present climate, no chance for the growth of a mathematically based alternative cosmology. However, the simple qualitative model of a non-orientable universe provides interesting insight into the nature of matter, non-local interaction and quantum theory. 

Although, strictly speaking, not an alternative cosmology, the notion of Population III stars assumes increasing importance in the resolution of anomalies associated with nucleogenesis, dark matter and 3K backgroimd radiation in standard cosmology. The subject is reviewed by Carr et al. (1984), with many references. 

Synthesis of these notions leads to an alternative cosmology that has little in common with the standard model. It may not have the same dogmatic appeal as the big bang, but it unifies a growing body of discordant empirical evidence, based on all the matter and energy in the universe, the Copernican principle and sound mathematics, without singularities. It has the potential directly to address the basic notions of chirality, astronomical anomalies, holistic self-similarity and other cosmological puzzles, such as Zwicky s paradox, in addition to traditional celestial mechanics. In effect, it calls for the re-examination and re-interpretation of the cosmic whole. 

In the early sixties the problem of the beginning of cosmological expansion was deeply theoretical and far from verification by observation. Ya.B. persistently supported the search for methods of experimental verification of the question of whether the Universe was cold or hot in the early stages of its evolution. At first, Ya.B. sought an alternative to the hot model (1962) [25 ]. 

An alternative model of an oscillating Universe is discussed in Freese K, Brown MG, Kinney WH. The Phantom Bounce A New Proposal for an Oscillating Cosmology. In Ref. [63], pp. 149-156. 

In the original work of Hoyle and Fowler, P(A(M)) represents estimation uncertainty, from measurement precision and model diversity, of a single character selected for its sensitivity and relevance to a specific experimental problem. In cosmological models of either type. P(A(AZ)) can also represent a distribution over alternative characters regarded as substitutes for identifying the posterior distribution we wish to specify. 

Tovey, H. (2002b) Alternative agriculture movements and rural development cosmologies. International Journal of the Sociology of Agriculture and Food 6 (2) I-11. 

Any cosmological theory must inevitably rest on many diverse concepts and observations. The reader, not familiar with the central thesis, could find it difficult to appreciate the relevance of several apparently unrelated aspects without some guidance. In response we start with a brief outhne of standard cosmology, highlighting some paradoxical features, followed by an outline of the ideas that led towards an alternative model. Not to loose the thread of the argument, the final conclusion, that the observable universe is topologically closed, is stated up front. Each of the relevant aspects that support this central postulate will be repeated in more technical detail in the chapters to follow. 

No discipline has suffered more under the tyranny of authority than modern cosmology. Accounts without number testify to discrimination against scientists who hold alternative views or propose revolutionary new ideas. Even Gauss did not make his discovery of the principles of non-Euclidean geometry known for he feared "the outcry of the Boeotians" there were only a few people who could understand the essence of his discovery. In the same spirit many scientific views are withheld or suppressed in the mainstream media. In reaction the present study is not beholden to any cosmological model. There are simply too many unknowns, uncertainties and misconceptions that militate against any definitive theory. That includes the present author who stands to be corrected on many issues which may nevertheless stimulate healthy scientihc debate. 

Because of these radically different cultures there is no incorporation of science into cosmology. An alternative is to objectively examine all scientific facts of relevance, leading to an improved understanding of the cosmic whole. The end product, as in all of science, will be riddled with uncertainty and open to re-interpretation. What is lost in dogmatic certainty will be compensated by a falsifiable model that grows with new scientific insight. 

This tradition was finally broken by Kepler who developed the contention of Pythagoras and Plato that a proportional relationship exists between polyhedron and circle. In time, this approach led to modern astronomy and, in the hands of Robert Boyle (1661) and Antoine Lavoisier (1789), to chemistry. However, the victory of science over magic has by no means been final . Modern big-bang cosmology, like the chain of assumptions in computational quantum chemistry (Rouvray, 2009), are rapidly reverting to the occult approach. An alternative model, emerging in chemistry, is based on the golden ratio, which both Kepler and Leonardo da Vinci referred to as the Divine Proportion. 

The final conclusion is clear Uniform correlation between nuclear stability and abundance cannot result from nucleogenesis in a large number of unrelated processes under a variety of reaction conditions, as required by the big-bang mechanism. The suggested alternative of nuclear synthesis by an equilibrium process of systematic a-addition points at a completely different cosmological model and to the direction which this enquiry must follow, while remaining consistent with physical theory. 

The consequences of rotating space with periodically alternating chirality have never been contemplated before. If it has some dynamo effect it could explain the appearance of Einstein s cosmological constant A, which stabilizes Godel s solution. 

Modern cosmology is dominated by the Doppler interpretation of cosmological redshifts (Section 6.6.1) and the assumed expansion of the universe. It is therefore of interest that several alternative explanations of redshifting have been proposed. These proposals are essentially of two types, predicting redshifts that are either distance dependent, or not. Of those already discussed in these pages chronometric redshifts (7.3) are distance related while chemical shifts (5.1.2) are not. Observed redshifts are most likely due to more than just one of the factors discussed below. Not surprisingly, anomalies, like discordant redshifts observed from physically connected objects, are frequently observed. 

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