Big bang cosmology

Primordial nucleosynthesis really puts the Big Bang cosmology to the test. One might call it a baptism of fire. From these brief but brilliant and fertile beginnings arose a series of light nuclei that are today found everywhere in nature above all hydrogen, followed by helium, which between them amount to 98% of the total mass of atomic matter in the Universe. 

The agreement between the predictions of the SBBN model for the abundances of deuterium, helium-4, helium-3 and lithium-7 and the observations of the primordial abundances of these light elements is one of the successes and therefore one of the cornerstones of the Big Bang Cosmology. 

As what would eventually be called Big Bang cosmology was developed, the evolution of this radiation field was worked out in more detail. By the 1960s, Dicke and his colleagues at Princeton University in New Jersey had... 

In the first chapter of this book, deuterium was identified as having originated moments after the big bang thus, deuterium is primordial in character. This raises an important question Can the currently observed amount of deuterium in the universe become another empirical check on big bang cosmology More specifically, can the nuclear synthesis of the light elements—mostly helium ( He) plus mere traces of deuterium ( H), hehum ( He), and lithium ( Li)— which occurred over a brief period soon after the big bang itself, account for their currently observed abundances ... 

Schramm wanted to find out if the abundances of the light elements were consistent with big bang cosmology. To answer this question, he would need to refine theoretical predictions based on the tenets of big bang cosmology, design and carry out astronomical experiments to measure the abundances of the four light elements, and compare the results. As we shall see, the results for deuterium are particularly important—deuterium abundance depends on one and only one important parameter the density of matter. 

In its present form, standard Big-Bang cosmology is a very open subject, for it contains three important elements - dark matter, dark energy, and inflation - about which there is... 

The protosolar D/H ratio. The protosolar deuterium abundance is an upper limit to the primordial abundance of this isotope and provides a crucial observational test for the Big Bang cosmological model (Schramm 1993). For example, the primordial deuterium... 

Currently, the most widely accepted cosmological theory for the origin of the Universe is the big bang, a cataclysmic explosion. According to big-bang cosmology, all the matter in the Universe was originally confined to a comparatively small volume of space. As a result of a tremendous explosion, this primordial... 

This tradition was finally broken by Kepler who developed the contention of Pythagoras and Plato that a proportional relationship exists between polyhedron and circle. In time, this approach led to modern astronomy and, in the hands of Robert Boyle (1661) and Antoine Lavoisier (1789), to chemistry. However, the victory of science over magic has by no means been final . Modern big-bang cosmology, like the chain of assumptions in computational quantum chemistry (Rouvray, 2009), are rapidly reverting to the occult approach. An alternative model, emerging in chemistry, is based on the golden ratio, which both Kepler and Leonardo da Vinci referred to as the Divine Proportion. 

Stephen Hawking (1988), widely recognized as the ultimate authority on big-bang cosmology and the anthropic principle gave a detailed answer to this question in his all-time best seller, that probably needs no further introduction. In his own words (p. 50) he claims credit for the idea... 

Big-bang cosmology is based exclusively on Friedmann solutions, using the Robertson-Walker metric (6.6). The scale factor S t) determines the... 

The near-equality of cosmic and solar abundancies of the chemical elements points at either a single synthesis event, starting from elementary matter, or a common mechanism of nucleogenesis, wherever it happens. The first possibility is the one originally preferred in big-bang cosmology, but later abandoned as there was considered not to be enough time available for this process in the early universe. 

The decisive argument against big-bang cosmology is the fact that it is not a relativistic cosmology, as claimed. Ironically, many opponents of the theory, notably Halton Arp (1998), fail to appreciate this criticism and in order to refute the big bang, reject the theory of general relativity. 

What follows is largely immaterial - there can be no existence before the beginning of time. The logical consequence, after centuries of agonizing, is the absurdity known as standard big-bang cosmology. 

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