Diversity concept

II est difficile de faire un choix dEfinitif parmi ces diverses conceptions Equivalentes par suite de l insuffisance de dEterminations independantes de fg. Quelle que soit la conception adoptEe, elle conduit admettre l existence d une temperature limite (ou T2) au dessous de laquelle l extrapolation des parametres caractEristiques du liquide conduit E. des absurditEs. Cette temperature indique done une limite d Etat oil le temps de retard du rearrangement des configurations du liquide en equilibre est infini. 

This chapter seeks to place the diversity concept into perspective when considering the research process. 

Molecular similarity and diversity methods have been developed based on the principle that similar molecules exhibit similar activi-ties/properties (l).Molecular similarity is a key concept in the identification of new molecules that have similar biological activity to one or more molecules of known activity. Molecular diversity concepts are used to explore "chemical space," with the scope of application ranging from a particular structure/reac-tion to a large database of different molecules. The process of evaluating similarity and diver-... 

Chemical reaction engineering (CRE) is the branch of engineering that encompasses the selection, design, and operation of chemical reactors. Because of the diversity of chemical reactor apphcations, the wide spectnim of operating conditions, and the multitude of factors that affect reactor operations, CRE encompasses many diverse concepts, principles, and methods that cannot be covered adequately in a single volume. This chapter provides a brief overview of the phenomena encountered in the operation of chemical reactors and of the concepts and methods used to describe them. 

Diverse concepts of disease—ranging from the objective to the subjective, from the literal to the metaphorical, from uremia to insomnia—are now compelled to coexist, in scientific, clinical, and political medicine. Compelled by whom By authorities in science, medicine, the media, politics, and the law, in a word, by the Zeitgeist. The suggestion that, say, AIDS and ADHD (acquired immune deficiency syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) are radically different kinds of diseases—or, more precisely, that the latter is not a disease at all—is politically so incorrect that it is dismissed out of hand. 

Any cosmological theory must inevitably rest on many diverse concepts and observations. The reader, not familiar with the central thesis, could find it difficult to appreciate the relevance of several apparently unrelated aspects without some guidance. In response we start with a brief outhne of standard cosmology, highlighting some paradoxical features, followed by an outline of the ideas that led towards an alternative model. Not to loose the thread of the argument, the final conclusion, that the observable universe is topologically closed, is stated up front. Each of the relevant aspects that support this central postulate will be repeated in more technical detail in the chapters to follow. 

Hofmannsthal s early poems, playlets and essays explore diverse conceptions of the self as fragile and discontinuous ( Terzinen iiber Verganglichkeit )... 

The choice of the best method for answering this question is governed by the specific nature of the system under investigation. Few general principles exist beyond the importance of analyzing a representative sample of suitable purity. Our approach is to consider some specific examples. In view of the diversity of physical methods available and the number of copolymer combinations which exist, a few examples barely touch the subject. They will suffice to illustrate the concepts involved, however. 

This entire book is about the emergence, nature and cultivation of a new discipline, materials science and engineering. To draw together the strings of this story, it helps to be clear about what a scientific discipline actually is that, in turn, becomes clearer if one looks at the emergence of some earlier disciplines which have had more time to reach a condition of maturity. Comparisons can help in definition we can narrow a vague concept by examining what apparently diverse examples have in common. 

While resoles account for most of the volume in phenolic products, novolacs account for most of the diversity. They are used in a wide variety of applications. They also tend to be significantly more expensive than resoles. The higher cost and pricing structure permits more creativity in their formulation. Many novolacs are made in small volumes and are formulated for very specific purposes. It is, therefore, rather difficult to make meaningful generalizations about novolacs beyond a few basic concepts. 

Exactly what type of lessons are learned cannot be foreseen. The size and diversity of site activities give rise to a wide variety of health and safety hazards. Individual sites need to document and disseminate information that could enhance their hazard recognition and mitigation. Effective documentation is an important concept that everyone needs to buy in to if the safety program is going to be effective. Wliy workers fail to document potential problems has been the subject of much debate. 

Process safety management has been applied primarily in the chemical process industries. However, the concepts of PSM, and the approaches used for implementing PSM, can be applied equally well to any manufacturing process that uses chemical products. Manufacturing industries as diverse as semiconductor manufacturing 2md food processing can, and do, apply PSM to improve safety and operations. 

For some fluid systems, the motionless mixer may not practically achieve total homogeneity. In some situations of widely diverse fluid densities, the centrifugal motion created may throw some of the fluid to the outside of the flow path when it emerges from the unit. These are concepts to examine with the manufacturer, as only the manufacturer s data can properly predict performance, and the design engineer should not attempt to actually physically design a unit. 

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