Cosmological theories

The question of the origin of life on Earth leads directly to the question of the formation of our planet, of the solar system and of the universe. The ancient philosophers, as we have seen, attempted to answer such questions, but the models which we discuss and argue about today were proposed by scientists only in the last century. 

Since cosmological theories are not a direct concern of this book, only a brief outline of this area will be given. Two developments in the last century were of particular importance and led to huge advances in knowledge  

Rauchfuss, Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 

After another few hundred million years (some astrophysicists speak of around a billion years), the temperature was around 18 K and then sank further to a value of 3 K (or to be exact, 2.73 0.01 K) (Unsold and Baschek, 2001). 

How do these first stars differ from those of today As we have already mentioned, it is mainly because of their different composition. In addition, calculations show that they must have been much heavier (100-1,000 solar masses) and thus much brighter (up to a million times brighter than our sun). 

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James E. Peebles, professor emeritus at Princeton (2001), offers his own description. He states that at present the house of cosmological theories resembles scaffolding which is solidly assembled but still has large gaps. The open questions are those of dark matter , inflation and quintessence . We live in exciting times for cosmology. ... 

Table 2.1 Grades for cosmological theories (from Peebles, 2001)...

Some cosmological theories (46) assume a huge concentration of quarks at a very early stage of the Big Bang. The question of survival of primordial quarks is de-... 

By comparing calculated values with the actual content of these various elements in the oldest astronomical objects, we deduce that the density of nuclear matter cannot exceed 5% of the critical density. Now it so happens that the best cosmological theory to date, the theory of cosmological inflation, predicts that the Universe has exactly the critical density. This conclusion is supported by recent observations of remote supernovas and the relic background radiation. 

Schramm, D.N. and G, Steigman Particle Accelerators Test Cosmological Theory, Sci. Amer., 66 (June 1988). 

Recently, Ya.B. has been working on a complete cosmological theory which would incorporate the creation of the Universe (1982) [45 ]. Let us mention finally that it was Ya.B. who recently gave a profound formulation of the question of the cosmological constant, i.e., the energy density in Minkovsky space (see Section 9). More precisely, the question is formulated thus is the Minkovsky space a self-consistent solution of the equations for all possible fields and the equations of general relativity ... 

The theme of the conference was divided into three parts the first one concerned General Statements of Cosmological Theory. It was introduced by speeches by Lemaitre, on the Primaeval Atom Hypothesis and the Problem of Clusters of Galaxies, by Oscar Klein who developed Some Considerations Regarding the Earlier Development of the System of Galaxies, and by Hoyle on The Steady-State Theory. This was followed by a talk by Gold, on the Arrow of Time and another by Wheeler on Some Implications of General Relativity for the Structure and Evolution of the Universe. ... 

Steady state theory The cosmological theory that the universe had no beginning. This theory has been largely replaced by the big bang theory. 

Psychology is the science that strives to understand, measure, and modify our behavior what we do, what we say, what we think, and what we feel. At its most basic level, behavior describes how we manipulate and respond to our environment. It is the ultimate output of the nervous system. Its domain ranges across the entire universe of human activities from simple reflexes to the creation of cosmological theories. Toxicology, however, at least in the formal sense, recognized the crucial role of behavioral neuroscience only recently. Perhaps behavior seemed somewhat exotic compared to the study and traditional endpoints of death and tissue damage. However, step back from the brink that these endpoints represent and toxicology swiftly becomes a more complex and subtle enterprise. 

In The Confrontation of Cosmological Theory with Astronomical Data, ed. M. S. 

B. Carter. Large number coincidences and the anthropic principle in cosmology. In Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data, International Astronomical Union Symposium No. 63, ed. M. S. Longair. Dordrecht Reidel (1974), pp. 291-8 also The anthropic principle and its implications for biological evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A310, 347 (1983). 

The constructive model P(A(M) SC C )xN) acts as before, as a filter on the prior P(S( -C)x I A) output from the cosmological theory. In this respect, the anthropic bias is indistinguishable from the pruning rule generated by Hoyle but as it is driven by incomplete theoretical specification rather than mere intractability, the posterior distribution is not provisional and cannot act as a constraint on reductionist refinements of N or X It is not a substitute for a theory of particular initial conditions, because it adds nothing axiomatic to the structure of the causal theories represented by... 

Cosmological theories that generate a distribution of universes correspond to a frequentist interpretation in which all possible universes ) are really"... 

Currently, the most widely accepted cosmological theory for the origin of the Universe is the big bang, a cataclysmic explosion. According to big-bang cosmology, all the matter in the Universe was originally confined to a comparatively small volume of space. As a result of a tremendous explosion, this primordial... 

Any cosmological theory must inevitably rest on many diverse concepts and observations. The reader, not familiar with the central thesis, could find it difficult to appreciate the relevance of several apparently unrelated aspects without some guidance. In response we start with a brief outhne of standard cosmology, highlighting some paradoxical features, followed by an outline of the ideas that led towards an alternative model. Not to loose the thread of the argument, the final conclusion, that the observable universe is topologically closed, is stated up front. Each of the relevant aspects that support this central postulate will be repeated in more technical detail in the chapters to follow. 

Troitskij, V.S. (1996) Observational test of the cosmological theory testifies to the static universe and a new redshift-distance relation, Astrophys. and Space Sci., 1996 (240) 89-121. 

I developed an interest in the field on noticing that cosmological theories of nucleogenesis are totally out of fine with reality. The important clue came from the observed periodicity of the stable nuclides, which is governed by simple concepts of number theory. Any atomic nucleus consists of integral numbers of protons and neutrons such that the ratio Z/N is always a rational fraction, which can be ordered in Farey sequences and mapped by Ford circles. This ordering predicts a unique periodic function, which is readily demonstrated to predict the correct observed cosmic abundances of the elements. 

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