Connected object

In Catalysis, we can describe the whole dialog as a single interaction (Figure 4.2). On any sequence chart, a series of horizontal bars can be collapsed to a single bar, representing their combined effect. The horizontal bars connect objects that influence or are influenced by the outcome there may be any number of them. If all the possible refinements have the same initiator, it can be marked with a shaded oval (Figure 4.2b). 

Attempting to program a Bean as a single class is not practical for nontrivial components a component instance would typically consist of several connected objects of different classes, each implementing some of the external component interfaces. The more recent specifications for JavaBeans make it simpler to build complex Beans from several classes. 

Cut loose tripwires only after careful examination of all connecting objects and after replacing all safeties. 

The whole database access code is surrounded by a try-finally block. There is no catch because the exceptions are rethrown by the code. However, the finally block is necessary because the ResultSet, Statement, and Connection objects must be closed properly whether an exception is thrown, or otherwise there will be database resource leaks. The database cleanup is implemented in a Util class. The initialization of the Connection object is purposely left out from the code. It can be either from a connection pool or from a Thread Local variable that is set earlier in the method call stack. Thread Local will be discussed further in Chapter 15. 

The way it works is that these variables are set by an application controller and can then be accessed by the AccessControlStrategy object to create the access control where clause. If a transaction involves multiple updates to the database, for example, the controller should start and finish the transaction and make sure all updates use the same Connection object to ensure they are either all committed or all rolled back. 

To distinguish a particular collection of worksheets in a particular workbook, use the period operator to connect object names. For example, to refer to the Worksheet Spectrum 1 in the Workbook Deconvolution, use the reference Workbooks( "Deconvolution").Worksheets("Spectrum1"). To refer to a particular cell within the worksheet, use... 

Fig. 1 shows connected objects. The domain was defined on the workstation screen by connecting the separate objects. The G2 expert system then "knows about the connection and interaction of these objects. 

In the case of connected objects, the behavior can be defined in terms of the connection, which is understood by G2 "live from the screen. For example ... 

This heuristic considers dynamic behavior of a connected object, and searches for causes of problems by tracing back through connections. The "X" in the above rule is a local name, within the rule. If a new object in the heat-exchanger class is created, through cloning for example, and it is connected to other objects, then the above heuristic will apply also to the new object. This allows the rapid implementation of diagnostics. 

Thus, for d > 4, the nature of the asymptotic behaviour is not modified on the contrary, for d < 4, summing divergencies may lead to the appearance of critical exponents. However, this argument is neither very simple nor very rigorous. It is, however, possible to reach the same conclusion in a much simpler and intuitive manner. In fact, let us consider, in a d-dimensional space domain, two simply connected objects with dimensions D and D respectively, and let us assume that they have a random position. If D + D < d, the probability that these objects have a common part has a zero measure. Actually, if they cut across each other, it is always possible to displace one object infinitesimally, so as to suppress the intersection. For instance, the statistics, of a set of segments (D = 1, D = 1) in a three-dimensional space (d = 3) is quite trivial, whereas in two dimensions, intersection effects have to be taken into account. Thus, in general, two objects feel exclusion effects if and only if D + D > d. 

Modern cosmology is dominated by the Doppler interpretation of cosmological redshifts (Section 6.6.1) and the assumed expansion of the universe. It is therefore of interest that several alternative explanations of redshifting have been proposed. These proposals are essentially of two types, predicting redshifts that are either distance dependent, or not. Of those already discussed in these pages chronometric redshifts (7.3) are distance related while chemical shifts (5.1.2) are not. Observed redshifts are most likely due to more than just one of the factors discussed below. Not surprisingly, anomalies, like discordant redshifts observed from physically connected objects, are frequently observed. 

Halton Arp is best known for documenting large numbers of anomalous redshifts, mainly in the form of physically connected objects with widely different redshifts. The fraternity in which he operated persistently refused to... 

It should be emphasized that the essence of the Rouse model is in the universal nature of the modelling of the dynamics of a connected object. The central assumption in the Rouse model is that the dynamics is governed by the interactions localized along the diain. In fact, if one assumes a linear Langevin equation for R with localized interaction, one ends up with the Rouse model in the long time-scale behaviour. To see this, consider the general form of the linearized Langevin equation... 

Having discussed static properties, we now consider dynamical problems in many chain systems. Here we have to consider another very important type of interaction which arises from the very nature of the polymer polymers are one-dimensionally connected objects and cannot cross each other. A good way of looking at this is to imagine that the polymers have no thickness, and no attractive force, like a mathematical curve in space. Qearly the excluded volume of such a chain is zero. However, even such chains can interact strongly due to the topological constraints that chains cannot cross each other. 

This gel point uses the definition of a gel based on the connectivity of the system [10, 11, 12, 1]. The gel point is the point at which the reacting system is geometrically percolated by the connected objects. The appearance of a macroscopic object in the products is called gelation, or sol-gel transition. In chemical gels, the transition is irreversible, while in physical gels it is generally thermoreversible. 

Percolation models are roughly classified into percolation on regular lattices and percolation in continuum space. Both derive the scaling laws near the percolation threshold by focusing on the self-similarity of the connected objects. The percolation theory is suitable for the study of fluctuations in the critical region, but has a weak point in that the analytical description of the physical quantities in wider regions is difficult. 

E) To any object that is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in relation to the snaphook such that accidental disengagement could occur should the connected object sufficiently depress the snaphook keeper to allow release of the object. 

At a critical value of the fraction of objects of one type, these objects would form an extended cluster that connects the opposite external faces of the sample. At this so-called percolation threshold, the corresponding physical property represented by the connected objects would start to increase above zero. Thereby percolation theory establishes constitutive relations between composition and structure of heterogeneous media and their physical properties of interest. For porous electrodes or catalyst layers in PEFC, these properties are electrical conductivities of electrons and protons, diffiisivities of gaseous reactants and water vapor, and liquid water permeability. 

Entanglements constitute a major feature of the dynamics in polymer melts. Due to their strong interpenetration, which increases with the molecular weight, polymer molecules are highly entangled. Since the chains are linearly connected objects which cannot cross each other, their individual motions become constrained and for the chain as a whole it is therefore impossible to move freely in all directions. 

The idea of multi-domain object-oriented modelling was formulated by Elmqvist (1978), who proposed a language called Dymola (Dynamic Modelling Language). In object-oriented modelling, objects, their boundaries and interconnections correspond with real existing equipment. Physical equations have to be established or understood only for each object. By connecting objects with each other, further model equations are introduced. 

Although the above argument was presented for the case of only a single particle there is nothing in the formalism that restricts it to that case, i.e. the solid doesn t have to be a connected object but can even consist of separated pieces. In the more general case the integrals would get replaced by sums over the particles and integrals over the surface of each particle. 

In order to reduce the false positive detection, the interslice noise elimination algorithm is employed. The aim of inter-slices analysis is to improve the accuracy of lesion regions detection. In general MRI screening, the position of a lesion may not change drastically between MRI slices. Based on this study, the centre of mass of detected lesion region between current and next slices is compared [11]. Equations (2), (3) and (4) evaluate the centre of mass for lesion regions and eliminate non SD-connected objects. 

Figure 4.7 Removal of artifacts (i.e., connected objects less than 20 pixels in area).

---