Standard cosmology

F. Hoyle, D. N. Schramm, G. Steigman and others, which assumes standard cosmology and particle physics and a uniform baryon density, has been very successful in several respects, e.g. ... 

The standard cosmological model predicts three possible futures for our Universe ... 

Significant new evidence is the self-similarity of sub-atomic, atomic, biological, planetary and galactic structures, all related to the golden section. The astronomical structures are assumed to trace out the shape of local space. The obvious conclusion is that all of space has a uniform non-zero characteristic curvature, conditioned by the universal constants tt and r. Space, in this sense, is to be interpreted as equivalent to the three-dimensional sub-space of the Robertson-Walker metric [104]. In standard cosmology this sub-space... 

The major selling point of standard cosmology is the observed isotropic microwave background radiation, with black-body spectrum. In a closed universe it needs no explanation. Radiation, which accumulates in any closed cavity, tends, by definition, to an equilibrium wavelength distribution according to Planck s formula (Figure 2.5). 

They probably appeared a little too speculative because they exploited non-standard cosmological models, with two timescales, advocated at the time by E. A. Milne. 

Any cosmological theory must inevitably rest on many diverse concepts and observations. The reader, not familiar with the central thesis, could find it difficult to appreciate the relevance of several apparently unrelated aspects without some guidance. In response we start with a brief outhne of standard cosmology, highlighting some paradoxical features, followed by an outline of the ideas that led towards an alternative model. Not to loose the thread of the argument, the final conclusion, that the observable universe is topologically closed, is stated up front. Each of the relevant aspects that support this central postulate will be repeated in more technical detail in the chapters to follow. 

The heroic revolution that rescued modern science from the shackles of authority spanned centuries, over the eras of renaissance, reformation, industrial revolution, enlightenment, and continues to this day. In the hands of too many pseudo-scientists the Hebrew Bible as scientific authority remains at loggerheads with modern concepts such as biological evolution, and still dictates the philosophy behind standard cosmology and the theory of intelligent design. 

Chemistry is the science that studies the nature and interconversions of material systems. Observed chemical patterns should therefore be reducible to the structure and properties of space-time and the assumptions of cosmology. However, unlike the theory of relativity, the fundamental periodic laws of chemistry find no detectable basis in standard cosmology. 

Conditions that favom the ratio of unity, characteristic of the most stable nuclide He, also known as an a-particle, appear as the most favourable for nucleogenesis, in a chain reaction of a-addition, within black holes. The expected abimdance of nuclides as produced in such an equilibrium process, while at variance with standard cosmological predictions, matches the observed cosmic abundances remarkably well. 

These new methods of measuring astronomical distances inaugurated modern astronomy and astrophysics and the interpretation of such measurements in terms of an expanding universe led on to the modern standard cosmology. 

It is indeed the insight gained through non-Euclidean geometry, more than anything else, that inspired this venture, which is aimed at a better understanding of those observations in the physical sciences and astronomy that cannot be reconciled with standard cosmology. 

Obviously t 2, unless z = Z2- This inability to define absolute simultaneity also prevents the definition of an absolute imiversal time, as assumed in standard cosmology. 

One of the pillars of standard cosmology is the so-called black-body spectrum of the universal microwave background. It is precisely such an observation that also led to the first recognition of a quantum effect by Max Planck in 1901. 

The chain is simply too long for comfort, and not only inconsistent with classical big-bang theory, but also with inflation. The logical conclusion is that standard cosmology no longer has an explanation to account for nucle-ogenesis, apart from what exists in supercomputers, totally divorced firom reality. 

There is a perception that standard cosmology is firmly based on the general theory of relativity, which is said to supersede the dictates of special relativity. However, this is a fabrication that only serves to corroborate the big-bang fantasy. Ironically, many opponents of the big-bang model fail to recognize this fundamental fallacy at the root of the expan ding-universe avowal. 

Note that Rq 0 as in later versions of standard cosmology. 

To keep the record straight, what is generally known as standard cosmology refers to the model proposed by Einstein and de Sitter (1932). It consists of a Ftiedmann solution with A = 0, A = 0 and zero pressure, without reference to Friedmann or Lemaitre. The space-time is topologically like M and... 

The situation with standard cosmology is no different. Without real consensus many points of view are defended to reflect the dictates of the... 

Standard cosmology resorted to the same device, renamed inflation, and assumed to coincide with GUT symmetry breaking at t = 10 s. This... 

Although the cosmological constant does not feature in standard cosmology any more it has a prominent meaning in the supportive field theories of physics, associated with virtual particles in the vacuum. In inflation theory it is more precisely identified as a form of antigravity - the same role initially envisaged for it by Einstein. 

The cosmological constant poses a major dilemma for standard cosmology and particle physics. In a popular article of twenty years ago (Abbott, 1988), with the byhne ... 

To avoid the problem of CPT symmetry standard cosmology makes the empirical assumption that the universe contains no anti-matter and that all cosmological models need to explain this observation. This is clearly an unsubstantiated assumption because spectroscopic observation, on which astronomy relies, cannot distinguish between material and anti-material galaxies. 

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