Alkanes table

The hydrogen donors vary widely from heteroatom-containing compounds such as alcohols, amines, acids and cyclic ethers to hydrocarbons such as alkanes (Table 20.1). The choice of donor is largely dependent on several issues ... 

Desulphurization of thiols has been accomplished in high yield under phase-transfer conditions using tri-iron dodecacarbonyl (or dicobalt octacarbonyl). The mechanism proposed for the formation of the alkanes and the dialkyl sulphide byproducts involves a one electron transfer to the thiol from the initially formed quaternary ammonium hydridoiron polycarbonyl ion pair [14], Similar one electron transfers have been postulated for the key step in the cobalt carbonyl promoted reactions, which tend to give slightly higher yields of the alkanes (Table 11.18). 

The surface tension y measures the molecular forces that oppose the extension of the area of a liquid dropped on a surface. A perfluoroalkane always has a surface tension lower than that of the corresponding alkane (Table 1.6). Perfluoroalkanes are able to wet any kind of surface. Perfluoroamines and -ethers also have low surface tensions (15-16 dyn/cm ). ... 

For substituted tricyclo[4.1.0.02,7]heptanes, similar addition of benzenethiol in diethyl ether gave an isomeric mixture of bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes.35 As shown in the mechanistic scheme, the 1,3-disubstituted patterns of the bicyclo[3.1, l]heptanes are governed by the regiospecific attack of the thiol radical on the sterieally less hindered bridgehead carbon. The results of these radical additions arc summarized for bicyclo[n.l.l]alkanes (Table 8)35 and bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (Table 9). 

Differences in structure cause differences in intermolecular forces. Thus there are differences in boiling points and melting points between the isomers of any particular alkane. Table 1-6 shows the physical properties of the isomers of hexane. An increase in branching causes a decrease in intermolecular attraction, which results in a lower boiling point,... 

The physical properties of the alkenes are very much like the physical properties of the alkanes. Table 1-8 gives comparisons of the melting points, boiling points, and specific gravities of die simpler alkenes. As with die alkanes, these physical properties increase with increasing carbon content. 

The catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane is performed in the liquid phase with air as reactant and in the presence of a catalyst. The resulting product is a mixture of alcohol and ketone (Table 1, entry 12) [19]. To limit formation of side-products (adipic, glutaric, and succinic acids) conversion is limited to 10-12 %. In a process developed by To ray a gas mixture containing HC1 and nitrosyl chloride is reacted with cyclohexane, with initiation by light, forming the oxime directly (Table 1, entry 12). The corrosiveness of the nitrosyl chloride causes massive problems, however [20]. The nitration of alkanes (Table 1, entry 13) became important in a liquid-phase reaction producing nitrocyclohexane which was further catalytically hydrated forming the oxime. 

C-H Transformation at Unfunctionalized Alkanes Table 1. Ill ustrative examples of dioxirane-mediated C-H insertions. 

While polar functional groups in molecule i (positive W values) lead to a decrease in the K value, the nonpolar organic molecule structure acts to increase the value due to its repulsive effect on the polar water (high activity coefficient value of n-alkanes). Table 4-6 contains W-W values for several structural characteristics. Using n-heptane as a reference substance (z = 7) one obtains from Eq. (4-100) at 25 °C ... 

The names methane, ethane, propane, and butane have historical roots. From pentane on, alkanes are named using the Greek word for the number of carbon atoms, plus the suffix -ane to identify the molecule as an alkane. Table 3-2 gives the names and physical properties of the n-alkanes up to 20 carbon atoms. 

Recall that carbon can bond to form long, continuous, chain-like structures. Alkanes that bond in this way are called straight-chain alkanes. (They are also called unbranched alkanes.) Straight-chain alkanes are the simplest alkanes. Table 13.2 lists the names of the first ten straight-chain alkanes. 

In the normal alkanes (Table 31) one finds the alternation of the increase of melting point also well known in the fatty acids. This is a consequence of the difference in crystal structure of even and odd molecules resulting from a difference in symmetry (centre or plane through the middle). 

Tables 7.4 and 7.5 show the peak values of q and KTX for both the straight and branched alkanes separately in both the solvents chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. The general trend is that the branching of the solute molecule has a minimal effect on the coupling for the considered alkanes. Tables 7.4 and 7.5 also show the effect of the solvent on q and KTl. The alkane concentrations where the peaks of q and KT] occur are lower in chloroform than in carbon...

Acyclic Hydrocarbons. Capillary GC comparison of retention times with authentic standards and GC/MS were used to characterize the acyclic alkanes present in the CHX extracts. The extracts of Beulah 3 North Dakota lignite (B3), Wyodak Wyoming subbituminous coal (WYOl), Highvale Alberta subbituminous coal (ALBl), and Powhatan Ohio bituminous coal (POWl) all contained homologous series of n-alkanes. Table III. The low-rank coal CHX extracts for the limited members of the... 

Ti-p and Ox-Ti-P samples exhibited very low activity in the oxidation of alkanes (Table 3). Literature data indicate that as compared to TS-1, Ti-P has very low catalytic conversions in the oxidation of alkanes [10]. For example conversions of about 0.5 and 0.8 % have been reported in the oxidation of n-hexane and cyclohexane at 333 K and H202/alkane = 0.082. In addition, we found that the conversion does not improve when the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to substrate is increased to 0.5. As for Ox-Ti-P samples, they had higher n-hexane conversions, however the selectivity towards oxygenated products was low. Most of the by-products formed over Ox-Ti-P are likely due to the presence of aluminum (Table 1). 

Different sets of LOVIs can be obtained by different choices of matrices and vectors defining the linear equation system several combinations were studied on linear alkanes (Table M-6). 

The number of constitutional isomers increases rapidly as the number of carbon atoms in saturated hydrocarbons increases. There are live isomeric alkanes (Table 27-3). 

The variation of AH and AV in various alkanes (Table 2) were due to the experimental error. If we took an average in these solvents, we obtained AH = 8.4 1.6 kJ mol-1 and AV = 34 + 5 ml mol-1. Previously, AH and AV of the photodissociation of DPCP were measured by the PA method using the solvent dependence in a series of alkanes and temperature-dependence method in water (Table 2) [121-123]. 

Determine the name of the parent compound, the longest continuous carbon chain in the compound. Refer to Tables 11.3 and 11.6 to determine the parent name. Notice that these names are made up of a prefix related to the number of carbons in the chain and the suffix -ane, indicating that the molecule is an alkane (Table 11.6). Write down the name of the parent compoimd, leaving space before the name to identify the substituents. Parent chains are highlighted in yellow in the following examples ... 

Tables I and II list individual aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon yields, respectively and relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the four methods. Within the experimental uncertainties (i.e., the RSDs), the tumbler method compared favorably with the soxhlet extractions in the C13-C26 alkanes (Table II), while the soxhlet extractions were generally more efficient in the C27-C31 range. Soxhlet extraction with dichloro-methane-methanol was least reproducible (e.g., 7 of 21 RSDs > 33%). Usually, direct reflux extraction was least efficient but most reproducible...

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