Straight-chain alkanes table

Determine the longest continuous (not necessarily straight) chain of carbon atoms in the molecule. The base name of the branched-chain alkane is that of the straight-chain alkane (Table 24.5) corresponding to the number of carbon atoms in this longest chain. For example, in... 

Straight-chain alkanes are named according to the number of carbon atoms they contain, as shown in Table 3.3. With the exception of the first four compounds—methane, ethane, propane, and butane—whose names have historical roots, the alkanes are named based on Greek numbers. The suffix -one is added to the end of each name to indicate that the molecule identified is an alkane. Thus, pentane is the five-carbon alkane, hexeme is the six-carbon alkane, and so on. We ll soon see that these alkane names form the basis for naming all other organic compounds, so at least the first ten should be memorized. 

The names of straight-chain alkanes are given in Table 18.1 they all end in -ane. Name a hydrocarbon side chain as a substituent by changing the ending -ane to -yl (as in the last two columns in Table 18.1). 

Two main microemulsion microstructures have been identified droplet and biconti-nuous microemulsions (54-58). In the droplet type, the microemulsion phase consists of solubilized micelles reverse micelles for w/o systems and normal micelles for the o/w counterparts. In w/o microemulsions, spherical water drops are coated by a monomolecular film of surfactant, while in w/o microemulsions, the dispersed phase is oil. In contrast, bicontinuous microemulsions occur as a continuous network of aqueous domains enmeshed in a continuous network of oil, with the surfactant molecules occupying the oil/water boundaries. Microemulsion-based materials synthesis relies on the availability of surfactant/oil/aqueous phase formulations that give stable microemulsions (54-58). As can be seen from Table 2.2.1, a variety of surfactants have been used, as further detailed in Table 2.2.2 (16). Also, various oils have been utilized, including straight-chain alkanes (e.g., n-decane, /(-hexane),... 

To name a straight-chain alkane, simply match the appropriate chemical prefix with the suffix -ane. The prefixes, which relate to the number of Ccirbons in the continuous chain, are listed in Table 64. 

Fig. 1-7. Dependence of some physical properties on the number of carbon atoms for straight-chain alkanes. (Data from Table A-1)...

Recall that carbon can bond to form long, continuous, chain-like structures. Alkanes that bond in this way are called straight-chain alkanes. (They are also called unbranched alkanes.) Straight-chain alkanes are the simplest alkanes. Table 13.2 lists the names of the first ten straight-chain alkanes. 

For example, the names of all alkanes end with the suffix -ane. The simplest alkane is methane, CH4, the main component of natural gas. Table 3 lists the names and formulas for the first 10 straight-chain alkanes. For alkanes that consist of five or more carbon atoms, the prefix comes from a Latin word that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain. 

Table 3.3 Names of Straight-Chain Alkanes Number of carbons (/ ) Name...

Fuel oil 2 is characterized by hydrocarbon chain lengths in the Cn-C20 range, whereas diesel fuels predominantly contain a mixture of C10-C19 hydrocarbons (ATSDR 1995g). The composition consists of approximately 64% aliphatic hydrocarbons (straight chain alkanes and cycloalkanes), 1-2% unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes), and 35% aromatic hydrocarbons (including alkylbenzenes and 2-, 3-ring aromatics) (Air Force 1989). Fuel oil 2 contains less than 5% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (IARC 1989b). The typical hydrocarbon composition of fuel oil 2 is presented in Table E-4.b (Appendix E). 

Note that aliphatic compounds other than the above straight-chain alkanes were not listed by the TPHCWG [1997b] as constituents of petroleum and petroleum-based fuels that are the focus of the fraction-selection approach. See Appendix D, Table D-l.) Petroleum products such as mineral-based crankcase oil and mineral-based hydraulic fluids, however, contain branched and cyclic... 

In contrast to the sMMO, the pMMO has been only poorly characterized. This enzyme is extremely unstable and has never been purified. However, induction experiments suggest that three major membrane polypeptides are involved in this enzyme and that at least one contains copper (6) (Table II). The pMMO has a more restricted substrate range, and oxidizes only straight-chain alkanes and alkenes. This enzyme has been reported to have a lower apparent Km (half-saturation constant or Michaelis constant) for methane than the sMMO (7, 8), and so the two enzymes differ with respect to components, kinetics, and, presumably, catalytic mechanism. 

Some systematic method for naming compounds is necessary. The system in use today is prescribed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (TUPAC). The names of the first 20 straight-chain alkanes are listed in Table 27-2. You should become familiar with at least the first ten. The names of the alkanes starting with pentane have prefixes (from Greek) that give the number of carbon atoms in the molecules. All alkane names have the -ane ending. 

The names of the first ten straight-chain alkanes, shown in Table 18.1, are used as the basis for naming most organic compounds. To name a branched alkane, you must be able to answer three questions about its structure. 

The top scale (Figure 20-4) shows the net retention times of two samples and five straight chain alkanes, and the middle scale is a plot of log The lower scale shows the assigned values for the known hydrocarbons and the values determined for A and B. These are summarized in Table 20-1, p. 217. 

The names and formulas of the first ten straight-chain alkanes are shown in Table... 

Table 11.3 1 Names and Formulas of the First Ten Straight-Chain Alkanes ...

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