Chain-like structures

The sequence of amino acids in a peptide can be written using the three-letter code shown in Figure 45.3 or a one-letter code, both in common use. For example, the tripeptide, ala.ala.phe, could be abbreviated further to AAF Although peptides and proteins have chain-like structures, they seldom produce a simple linear system rather, the chains fold and wrap around each other to give complex shapes. The chemical nature of the various amino acid side groups dictates the way in which the chains fold to arrive at a thermodynamically most-favored state. 

Compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon are called hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons that have only single bonds all have similar chemistry and they are called, as a family, the saturated hydrocarbons. If there are carbon-carbon double bonds, the reactivity is much enhanced. Hence hydrocarbons containing one or more double bonds are named as a distinct family, unsaturated hydrocarbons. Both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons can occur in chain-like structures or in cyclic structures. Each of these families will be considered. 

The maximum values of the percolation threshold are characteristic of matrix systems in which the filler does not form the chain-like structures till large concentrations are obtained. In practice, statistical or structurized systems are apparently preferable because they become conductive at considerably smaller concentrations of the filler. The deviation of the percolation threshold from the values of Cp to either side for a statistical system ( 0.15) can be used to judge the nature of filler distribution. 

At all temperatures liquid sulfur consists of a complex mixture of all homocycles from Ss to at least S35 and of larger polymeric molecules of cyclic and chain-like structure (collectively termed as Sqo) [34]. At temperatures above 250 °C smaller molecules such as S5, S4, S3, and S2 are also likely components of the liquid as the composition of the equilibrium vapor demonstrates [9] (see above). In addition, branched rings and chains are probably minor components at temperatures near the boiling point of 445 °C [35] (see below). 

The manner in which alcohols self-associate is different. Unlike carboxyhc acids, alcohols form the long chain-like structures of the self-associated -mers. Schematic presentation of the self-associated chain of the phenyl-substituted alcohol molecules is given in Figure 2.13. Moreover, an alternative possibility of the self-association with the aforementioned alcohols is shown in Figure 2.14. 

Projections of molecular axes onto the surface plane form chain-like structures in which the chains with identically oriented molecules alternate (with the exception of oxygen molecules). The Davydov splitting of spectral lines represents the main spectroscopic manifestation of adsorbed structures with several orientationally inequivalent molecules in the unit cell of a two-dimensional adsorbate lattice. Many... 

If white phosphorus is heated at about 400°C for a period, it is converted to a different allotrope, red phosphorus. In red phosphoms, the P4 tetrahedra are linked together in long chain-like structures. This evidently satisfies the needs of the individual phosphorus atoms better, as red phosphoms is far less reactive and may be stored in air. It is also substantially less toxic than is white phosphorus. 

Beveridge, T., Veto, L., and Harrison, J. E. (1998). Formation of chain-like structures in apple juice haze. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 31, 74—77. 

A chain like structure of connected irregular octahedrons controls topaz structure. These octahedrons have A1 in the middle surrounded by four O atoms. Above and below the A1 are the (OH) or F ions. The chains of octahedrons are held together by individual Si tetrahedrons. The crystal system is orthorhombic (21 m21 m21 m). 

It is a common phenomenon that the intercalated-exfoliated clay coexists in the bulk and in the interface of a blend. Previous studies of polymer blend-clay systems usually show that the clay resides either at the interface [81] or in the bulk [82]. The simultaneous existence of clay layers in the interface and bulk allows two functions to be attributed to the nanoclay particles one as a compatibilizer because the clays are being accumulated at the interface, and the other as a nanofiller that can reinforce the rubber polymer and subsequently improve the mechanical properties of the compound. The firm existence of the exfoliated clay layers and an interconnected chain-like structure at the interface of CR and EPDM (as evident from Fig. 42a, b) surely affects the interfacial energy between CR and EPDM, and these arrangements seem to enhance the compatibility between the two rubbers. 

It should be pointed out, however, that the interpretation of these electron micrographs are still open to question. For example, many reports of chain-like structures appear in the literature however, it seems that in many cases these chains are turned up edges, which are attached to the bulk layer. Interpretation of the two-dimensional TEM images, which are... 

The loop expansion of a vertex irreducible quantify containing external vertices is represented by all vertex irreducible diagrams containing only screened interactions. Diagrams, in which a chain-like structure not contain-... 

The above conclusion is unfortunate for the case of polymeric solutes, because then-entropies of dissolution are unusually small. The repeat units can not become as disordered as can the corresponding monomer molecules since they are constrained to be part of a chain-like structure. Such disordering is particularly difficult if the chain is stiff. Thus, in this situation dissolution is even less likely. Crystalline polymers are also more difficult to dissolve than are their amorphous counterparts since the enthalpy of dissolution also contains a large, positive contribution from the latent heat of fusion. 

Mercury, like zinc, appears in some chain-like structures, but apparently only in combination with other metals such as As, Sb, Nb, and Ta. Some of these have the characteristics of metallic conductors.15 Rather high molecular weights have been obtained in the preparation of 6-coordinate cobalt (III) chelate polymers with acetylacetonato and leucinato ligands, 7-coordinate dioxouranium-(VI) dicarboxylate polymers, and 8-coordinate zirconium (IV) polymers with Schiff-base ligands.77... 

In principle, however, the effective surface area for heat transfer from the single monomer is decreased by the contact area between the particles. The fractal dimension of the aggregates varies in different systems and depends on the evolution process. For dense aggregates, heat transfer rates are decreased due to the reduced heat exchange area compared to primary particles only connected by point contact in a chain like structure (Liu et al., 2006a-c). This leads to an overestimation of... 

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