Potassium chloride, reaction + alkali

Benzoyl fluoride can also be prepared by the reaction of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or potassium fluoride with benzoic anhydride and by the halogen exchange of benzoyl chloride with alkali fluorides, such as NaF/ KF/ KHF2, Na2SiFe, or various other metal fluorides. ... 

The quality and yield of carbon black depends on the quality of the feedstock, reactor design, and input variables. The structure is controlled by the addition of alkali metals to the reaction or mixing zones. Usual practice is to use aqueous solutions of alkali metal salts such as potassium chloride or potassium hydroxide sprayed into the combustion chamber or added to the make oil in the oil injector. Alkaline-earth compounds such as calcium acetate that increase the specific surface area are introduced in a similar manner. 

As the carbon black structure may be reduced by the presence of alkali metal ions in the reaction zone [4.11], alkali metal salts, preferably aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide or potassium chloride, are often added to the make oil in the oil injector. Alternatively, the additives may be sprayed separately into the combustion chamber. In special cases, other additives, e.g., alkaline-earth metal compounds which increase the specific surface area are introduced in a similar manner. 

Many properties of electrolytic solutions are additive functions of the properties of the respective ions this is at once evident from the fact that the chemical properties of a salt solution are those of its constituent ions. For example, potassium chloride in solution has no chemical reactions which are characteristic of the compound itself, but only those of potassium and chloride ions. These properties are possessed equally by almost all potassium salts and all chlorides, respectively. Similarly, the characteristic chemical properties of acids and alkalis, in aqueous solution, are those of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, respectively. Certain physical properties of electrolytes are also additive in nature the most outstanding example is the electrical conductance at infinite dilution. It will be seen in Chap. II that conductance values can be ascribed to all ions, and the appropriate conductance of any electrolyte is equal to the sum of the values for the individual ions. The densities of electrolytic solutions have also been found to be additive functions of the properties of the constituent ions. The catalytic effects of various acids and bases, and of mixtures with their salts, can be accounted for by associating a definite catalytic coefl5.cient with each type of ion since undissociated molecules often have appreciable catalytic properties due allowance must be made for their contribution. 

The capacity of the cell is 450 cc. It is constructed of silica, the adsorption of water on borosilicate glass being too troublesome. The electrodes are made of platinized platinum and have been calibrated with an aqueous solution of potassium chloride O.OIN at 0°C. Introduction of alkali metal and ammonia is made in a similar way to that used in kinetic studies. The formation reaction of the alkali amides is catalyzed by the electrodes. Various concentrations are studied with the same preparation of alkali amide. After ammonia has been removed, the alkali amide is hydrolyzed in the cell. The amounts of alkali ammonium hydroxides are determined by conductimetric titration. 

The preparation of alkali chlorates.—J. L. Gay Lussac showed that when chlorine is passed into a cold soln. of potassium hydroxide, a mixture of potassium chloride and h3rpochlorite is formed and when the soln. is boiled the hypochlorite decomposes, forming a mixture of potassium chlorate and chloride otherwise expressed, the hypochlorite in soln. oxidizes itself 3K0C1=2KC1+KC103. This reaction occurs with the evolution of 23 8 Cals, of heat. 

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