Alkali Alkaline

Alkali alkaline earth metal enolates tend to be aggregates- complicates stereo selection models. 

Further dechlorination may occur with the formation of substituted diphenyhnethanes. If enough aluminum metal is present, the Friedel-Crafts reactions involved may generate considerable heat and smoke and substantial amounts of hydrogen chloride, which reacts with more aluminum metal, rapidly forming AlCl. The addition of an epoxide inhibits the initiation of this reaction by consuming HCl. Alkali, alkaline-earth, magnesium, and zinc metals also present a potential reactivity hazard with chlorinated solvents such as methylene chloride. 

Fatty-acid soaps Alkali, alkaline earth, and other metal soaps sodium stearate aluminum stearate Gear oils paper stock paper sizing glue solutions... 

Alkali, alkaline A substance that neutralizes acids. 

Alkali-lSsung, /. solution of alkali, alkaline liquor, -menge,/. amount of alkali, -messer, m. alkalimeter. -measung, /. alkalimetry, -metrie,/. alkalimetry, alkalimetrisch, a. alkalimetric alkaliniach, a. alkaline. — alkalinische Erde, alkaline earth. 

Molecular sieves are alkali/alkaline earth aluminosilicates of the empirical formula ... 

Figure 4.19. Experimental work function values, for the 3d, 4d and 5d series including the alkali, alkaline-earth, and noble metals for polycrystalline surfaces (open circles) and for single crystal surfaces (filled circles).53 Reprinted with permission from the American Physical Society.

A remarkable variety of compounds in the Ca-(B,C,N) system has opened a window for research in related fields. With the elements boron, carbon and nitrogen, substance classes such as borocarbides, boronitrides, and carbonitrides can be considered to contain anionic derivatives of binary compounds B4C, BN, and C3N4. Until now, most compounds in these substance classes have been considered to contain alkali, alkaline-earth, or lanthanide elements. Lanthanide borocarbides are known from the work of Bauer [1]. Lanthanide boronitrides represent a younger family of compounds, also assigned as nitridoborates [2] following the nomenclature of oxoborates. 

Figure 15. Isotherms of internal mobilities in alkali-alkaline earth nitrate mixtures. The mobility of the alkali ion is always greater than that of the alkaline earth ion. (Reprinted from T. Koura, H. Matsuura, and I. Okada, "A Dynamic Dissociation Model for Internal Mobilities in Molten Alkali and Alkaline Earth Nitrate Mixtures,"/ Mol. Liq. 73-75 195, Fig. 4, Copyright 1997 with permission from Elsevier Science.)...

Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E. and Dlouhy, J. F., Simultaneous determination of alkali, alkaline-earth metal cations and ammonium ion environmental samples by gradient ion chromatography, /. Chromatogr., 638, 35, 1993. 

Active metal. The selection of active metal is also a critical factor. For polar intermetallics and Zintl phases, alkali, alkaline-earth, and rare-earth elements have... 

In another category of template synthesis, ethylene oxide is cyclized in the presence of BF3 and alkali, alkaline earth, or transition ions as their fluoroborate, fluorophosphate or fluoroantimonate salts - see [4.4], This procedure yields cyclic tetramers, pentamers and/or hexamers with the particular product(s) obtained being quite dependent on the metal present. Thus Ca(BF4)2 gives a 50% yield of tetramer, Cu(BF4)2 and Zn(BF4)2 give the pentamer in 90% yield, whereas Rb(BF4) and Cs(BF4) yield exclusively hexamer (Dale Daasvatn, 1976). 

Simple cyanides typically refer to alkali water-soluble salts, such as NaCN, KCN, Ca(CN)2, and Hg(CN)2, but also include several cyanide salts of alkali, alkaline earth, or heavy metals, that is, Zn(CN)2, Cd(CN)2, Ni(CN)2, and AgCN, of varying degrees of solubility. In water, NaCN and KCN will completely dissociate to give free cyanide. All simple cyanides ionize in water to release cyanide ion which, depending on pH, will form hydrocyanic acid. For sodium cyanide, the reaction proceeds as follows ... 

Run no. Alkali/Alkaline earth ions TOF Conversion (mol%) Epoxide selectivity (mol%)... 

Aliphatic solvents, alkyllithium compounds and, 14 250-251 Aliphatic sulfonates, 26 145 Aliquot samples, 13 413-415 analysis of, 13 416 Aliskren, 5 158 Alitame, 12 42 24 232 Alite, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 471, 472t, 473t Alitretinoin, 25 790 Alizarin, color of, 7 331 Alizarin derivatives, 9 337 Alizarin pure Blue B, 4 361t Alkadienes, metathesis of, 26 923 Alkali/alkaline-earth cation recognition,... 

Rather small selectivity differences are observed for homovalent-and heterovalent exchanges involving alkali, alkaline earth, bivalent transition metal ions, aluminium and rare earth cations, as is amply evidenced from the extensive compilation by Bruggenwert and Kamphorst (16). This compilation includes various clay minerals illite, montmorillonite, vermiculite and kaolinlte. 

Ion exchange equilibria involving alkali, alkaline earth (38) and transition metal ions (39) are reversible as a rule. Reversibility... 

Exchange in zeolites of alkali, alkaline earth, transition metal ions and small organic ammonium ions, has been reviewed (111), and in general, the exchange is characterized by small AG values comparable to those found in clay minerals. Althoufft identical selectivity orders for alkali and alkaline earth metal ions are obtained, as in montmorillonite, the opposite variation of AG with charge density is found. 

One additional aspect of laboratory dissolution experiments is the question of stoichiometric vs. non-stoichiometric dissolution. Many of the studies cited above analyzed only a few of the elements released by feldspar that is, although alkalis, alkaline earths, silica, and aluminum may be released during dissolution of feldspar, few studies report analyses for all elements. Often, only silica was analyzed. Where multiple elements are analyzed, they are often released to the solution in proportions which do not correspond to the bulk stoichiometry of the feldspar ( ] ). 

The morphology of weathered feldspar surfaces, and the nature of the clay products, contradicts the protective-surface-layer hypothesis. The presence of etch pits implies a surface-controlled reaction, rather than a diffusion (transport) controlled reaction. Furthermore, the clay coating could not be "protective" in the sense of limiting diffusion. Finally, Holdren and Berner (11) demonstrated that so-called "parabolic kinetics" of feldspar dissolution were largely due to enhanced dissolution of fine particles. None of these findings, however, addressed the question of the apparent non-stoichiometric release of alkalis, alkaline earths, silica, and aluminum. This question has been approached both directly (e.g., XPS) and indirectly (e.g., material balance from solution data). 

Fig. 2.4-10. High coordination number (CN) polyhedra around alkali (alkaline earth) atoms in different mercu7 rich amalgams and in BaCdn (a) CN 15 and (b) CN 16 around K in...

True metals alkali, alkaline earth metals, Al, Cu, Ag, Au, etc., having a high specific electrical conductivity (OhnG cm l) k = 105—106 and crystal structures of high symmetry and coordination numbers (CN = 8-12). 

Zintl phases remarks on their definition. We have seen that the Zintl phases may be considered as a group of compounds formed by an electropositive (cationic) component (alkali, alkaline earth metal, lanthanide) and an anionic component (for instance a main group element of moderate electronegativity). The anionic part of the structure may be described in terms of normal valence combination. 

An interesting related feature shown by several alloys of the more basic metals (alkali, alkaline earths) with many /5-block (13th, 14th, 15th groups) elements, and,... 

High A ij carbides with salt-like, ionic-like properties (carbides of alkali, alkaline-earth metals). 

As far as inorganic salts are concerned, they are normally introduced by blending their molten state with the CNTs or by sublimation. Many inorganic salts have been used with most of the transition metals and alkali/alkaline earth metals, with halides being the most typical anions [92], together with hydroxides [93]. The tubes can also be doped with individual metals, their oxides and with organometallic species such as metallocenes (Fig. 3.16) [94]. Fabrication of these materials is driven by potential applications in nanoelectronics. 

As shown in Figure 14.4, each clay mineral exhibits a large range in the type and degree of isomorphic substitution. The central silicon atom in the tetrahedral layers can be replaced by aluminum, alkali, alkaline earth, and trace metal atoms. In the octahedral layers, the central Al and Mg atoms can be similarly replaced. The large range in composition within each mineral type reflects variability in the environmental conditions under which crystallization and chemical weathering occur. Thus, the... 

Alkali, alkaline-earth, and rare-earth metal cations also catalyze electron transfer reactions. Thus, in the pair of Co -tetraphenylporphyrin complex with BQ, no redox reaction takes place, or it takes place too slowly to be determined. The metal cations promote this reaction. For example, in the presence of 80(0104)3, the corresponding rate constant of 2.7 X 10 M s was observed. BQ transforms into benzosemiquinone under these conditions (Fukuzumi and Ohkubo 2000). Zinc perchlorate accelerates the reaction between aromatic amines and quinones (Strizhakova et al. 1985). This reaction results in the formation of charge-transfer complexes [ArNHj Q ]. The complexes dissociate in polar solvents, giving ion-radicals ... 

The surface layer composition may influence the effectiveness of pollution control devices. For example, it is apparent that a surface region highly enriched is alkali-alkaline earth sulfates may enhance the fly ash particle collection efficiency of electrostatic precipitators (11, 12, 51-53). 

Ion chromatography is a convenient method for simultaneous determination of alkali, alkaline earth and ammonium ion concentrations in solution. The identity of the analytes is set by the retention times and quantation is carried out by a detector. Conductivity is frequently used, after chemical suppression of the eluate, by which chloride counterions were exchanged by hydroxide. UVV spectrophotometric measurement of hydroxide ions at 200 nm was proposed as an alternative method to suppressed conductivity. Both methods... 

Experimental structural data for NCM and DNCM salts are not available whereas X-ray elucidations of several alkali, alkaline earth and different ammonium NDCM salts have been carried out. 

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